The propensity for straight trajectories in the central zone may be an important clue to identifying these features. In the central zone, the turn angle distribution

peaks at zero degree showing straight trajectories. Mathematical models of predator avoidance indicate that straight trajectories have greatest success against distant and slow-moving predators, while rapid, more convoluted paths have greatest fitness against a close or fast predator (Furuichi 2002). In an open-field arena, the nimble spiny mice will display winding trajectories, while Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the pedestrian Günther’s Voles travel in more straight trajectories and spend less time in the central zones of the arena (Eilam 2003, 2004). Interestingly, these two species display combinations of fleeing and freezing when they respond to barn owl’s (Tyto alba) attacks (Edut and Eilam 2004). By analogy, it is possible that relatively Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical low turn angle movement of www.selleckchem.com/products/pci-32765.html Drosophila in open-field arenas represents an avoidance/escape behavior. Straight

trajectories cause the flies to spend less time in the center by decreasing the amount of time taken to reach the boundary. Experiments with Brachyrhaphis episcopi, the tropical poeciliid fish, indicate that those from high-predation environments have shorter latencies to reach the arena boundary and explore novel areas more than those from low-predation environments (Archard and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Braithwaite 2011). Likewise in Drosophila, the arena boundary provides a better source for escape routes compared to internal corners and vertical surfaces present inside the arena. A wall-following behavior interrupted Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by a few visits to the center of the arena in straight trajectories will result in more time along the walls and less time in the center, which in turn can optimize the chance of finding escape routes

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical along the boundary. This adaptive behavior may significantly enhance fitness through increased dispersal and predatory avoidance. Acknowledgments We are grateful to C. Manson-Bishop and R. Goldfeder for technical assistance and helpful discussions. Ketanserin The work was funded by the MH091304 award from the National Institute for Mental Health to GR. Supporting Information Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article: Section 1. Significance between Turn Angel Distributions between Central and Edge zones. Figure S1. Turning angle distributions in the central and edge zone for two sampling intervals. Figure S2. Turn angles in the edge zone were driven by the curvature of the circular arena. Figure S3. Trajectory of a fly in a circular arena. Click here to view.(199K, doc) Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.