However, post-surgical movements and EMG selleck products bursts had longer cycle periods, and movements showed lower amplitudes compared to controls. These results show that (1) sufficient locomotor CPG circuitry resides within the turtle spinal hemi-enlargement to drive major components of the forward swim motor pattern, (2) contralateral circuitry contributes to the excitation of the locomotor CPG for a given limb, and (3) a sufficient portion of the descending

DLF pathway crosses over to the contralateral cord anterior to the hindlimb enlargement to activate swimming. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The effects of pre-treatment of para-chlorophenylaianine (p-CPA) on sleep-wake electroencephalograms (EEG) have been demonstrated in three age groups of rats subjected to heat stress. Each age group for both p-CPA pre-treated and untreated subjects was sub-divided into three groups: (i) acute heat stress-subjected to a single heat exposure for 4 h at 38 degrees C;

(ii) chronic heat stress-exposed for 21 days daily for I h in the incubator at 38 degrees C; and (iii) handling control groups. Digital polygraphic sleep recordings were performed just after the heat exposure from acute stressed rats and on the 22nd day from chronic stressed rats. The analyses of results demonstrated that many changes associated with sleep-EEG (either in sleep-wake parameter THZ1 research buy or in EEG frequencies) due to acute and chronic heat stress were reversed (changes were analyzed; P < 0.05 or better) in p-CPA pre-treated groups of rats. However, differential observations

between acute and chronic heat stress groups of subjects were recorded, which are thought to have happened due to acclimatization of subjects to the hot environment. The results of present study supported the previous hypothesis about the significant involvement of serotonin in sleep-wake parameters and also demonstrated its participation in brain electrophysiological alterations in stressed conditions. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We have investigated a possible role for the ATP receptor subunit P2X(3), in the development of neuropathic pain following injury to a peripheral branch found of the trigeminal nerve. In nine anaesthetised adult ferrets the left lingual nerve was sectioned and recovery permitted for 3 days, 3 weeks or 3 months (3 ferrets per group). A retrograde tracer, fluorogold, was applied to the nerve to allow identification of cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion with axons in the injured nerve. Indirect immunofluorescence for P2X(3) and image analysis was used to quantify the percentage area of staining at the site of injury. Additionally, the proportion of fluorogold-positive cells that expressed P2X(3) was determined and compared with expression in non-fluorogold containing cells in another part of the ganglion.