Unfavorable vascular morphology signified by the presence of 2 or more reverse curves along the access path was found to associate with initial failure in the tracking of instruments (OR = N), and occurrence of other technical problems (OR = 25).

CONCLUSION: Procedure-related factors could be identified

and lead to improvements in patient safety and technical outcome. Tortuous vascular morphology is a key factor to be overcome.”
“Rationale Abuse of mixtures of stimulants and opioids (“”speedball”") is common. Although this combination has been studied in the laboratory, conclusions about the nature of the cocaine/opioid interaction have been mixed.

Objectives The objectives of the present experiment were to allow monkeys to self-administer mixtures of cocaine and the mu opioid agonist www.selleckchem.com/products/OSI027.html remifentanil and to quantify the interaction using the isobolographic approach. Our hypothesis was that the drugs would be super-additive in their reinforcing effects.

Materials

and methods Rhesus monkeys (n = 5) prepared with i.v. catheters were allowed to self-administer cocaine or saline under a progressive-ratio schedule. When responding was stable, doses of cocaine or remifentanil were made available in test sessions. Next, mixtures of doses of the drugs were tested over a range of doses in 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 ratios of their ED(50)s. Results were analyzed using isobolographic techniques.

Results MK-8931 Both drugs alone and all drug mixtures functioned as positive reinforcers in a dose-related manner. Cocaine maintained more responding at maximum than did remifentanil, i.e., was a stronger reinforcer. The experimentally determined equi-effective dose for the 1:1 and 1:2 cocaine/remifentanil mixtures tended toward super-additivity, but the difference from additivity did not achieve statistical significance. The 2:1 mixture was super-additive. Maximum click here responding maintained by the mixtures was higher than that maintained by remifentanil but not different from cocaine.

Conclusions Combinations of cocaine and remifentanil can be additive or super-additive as positive reinforcers,

depending on proportions of each. Interactions between stimulants and opioids may contribute to the abuse of these mixtures.”
“This study was performed to clarify how weather and current dynamics affect the resistance to temperature change in the oceanic sea skaters, Halobates. Heat coma temperature (HCT) was measured for the adults and 5th instar larvae of four Halobates species collected from a fixed sampling location (12 degrees 00′N, 135 degrees 00′E) in western tropical Pacific Ocean and from 13 locations in the eastern area of the India Ocean ranging from 08 degrees 00′N-06 degrees 00′S and 86 degrees 00-76 degrees 00′E. Both the gap temperature for heat coma (GTHC, mean +/- SD: 7.83 +/- 1.86 degrees C, n=32) and the heat coma temperature (HCP, 35.03 +/- 1.