1), but the cells appeared as visible clumps at 10–20 days after they were introduced into the fluids (Fig. 2). Xylella fastidiosa cell densities in grapevine xylem fluid were higher than those in the other tested xylem fluids by 20 days after inoculation (Fig. 1), but the

cell densities increased by 20 days in all xylem fluids. Bacterial cells grown in each xylem fluid were then inoculated to PD3 medium and confirmed to be X. fastidiosa species by specific PCR (data not shown). These data showed that X. fastidiosa can grow in the pure xylem fluid of citrus and grapevine in vitro. The percentage of aggregated cells of X. fastidiosa in grapevine xylem fluid was similar to that in PD3 medium, but significantly higher than that seen in citrus xylem fluid (Fig. 3). The bacterial cells aggregated to form tight clumps Androgen Receptor signaling pathway Antagonists in the xylem fluid of grapefruit, orange, and lemon. In contrast, bacterial cells were loosely clumped in grapevine xylem fluid (Fig. 2). Bacteria cells were more loosely clumped in PD3 medium than in the xylem fluids (Fig. 2). After 20 days of culturing, X. fastidiosa cells in the grapevine xylem fluid formed more biofilm than those in the citrus xylem fluid (Fig. 4). Of 111 selected

genes from X. fastidiosa tested in a DNA macroarray, 27 genes were differentially expressed in grapevine xylem fluid vs. citrus xylem fluid (Table 1). Most had a higher expression in the grapevine xylem fluid, but two genes had selleck screening library a higher expression in the citrus xylem fluid. Using RT-PCR, several genes putatively involved in virulence were validated based on differential expression in the xylem fluid of grapevine vs. citrus (Fig. 5). rRNA was detected at similar levels in bacteria grown

in each of the xylem fluids. No RNA was detected in the water and pure xylem fluid controls. The observation that X. fastidiosa cells growing in a pure xylem fluid from citrus and grapevine and appearing as visible clumps at 20 days after introduction into the fluid was consistent with previous studies using a mixture (1 : 1) of PD3 and xylem fluid (Bi et al., 2007). Xylella fastidiosa cells have been reported elsewhere to grow in 100% grapevine xylem fluid (Andersen et al., 2007; Zaini et al., Methocarbamol 2009), and in the present study, xylem fluid of citrus supported the growth of a PD strain of X. fastidiosa, although this strain does not cause disease in citrus. This supports the hypothesis that citrus may serve as an asymptomatic reservoir for X. fastidiosa in southern California (Perring et al., 2001; Bi et al., 2007). Biofilm formation is a major factor in X. fastidiosa virulence (Marques et al., 2002), and our measurements of enhanced biofilm formation in grapevine xylem fluid are consistent with the recent report of Zaini et al. (2009). The observation that more biofilm was formed in the grapevine xylem fluid than in the citrus xylem fluids (Fig. 4) would be compatible with the observation that infections of citrus species by X.