23 The EUGR may be due to multiple factors. One of the most important factors that the

physician can alter is insufficient nutritional support in neonatal morbidities, which not only this website increase the energy requirements of preterm infants, but also often impair the nutritional offer.27 In the present study, the univariate analysis showed associations among mechanical ventilation, oxygen at 36 weeks, PDA, and hospitalization time with EUGR at hospital discharge, as measured by HC z-score. The presence of maternal hypertension, SGA, and hospitalization time were variables that significantly influenced growth restriction assessed by the z-score of weight. Hospitalization time can be considered as an indicator of severity in preterm infants, and it is probably reflected as weight gain.28 The present results demonstrated that the length of hospitalization was a risk factor for EUGR both in weight and HC assessments. RDS

was associated with growth restriction for z-score of weight in the univariate analysis, and remained statistically significant as a protective factor in the regression model. This statistically GW3965 chemical structure significant fact may be possibly explained by the higher frequency of RDS in AGA infants (76.8%) when compared to SGA infants (23.2%). As SGA infants are discharged with greater growth restriction, it gives rise to a false interpretation that RDS reduces the chance of EUGR. The male gender also emerged as a protective factor for EUGR in the univariate analysis for the weight variable; however, this variable did not remain statistically significant and was not included in the regression model. Kurtoglu et al. also demonstrated that male infants, when compared to females, were heavier for the same corrected gestational age at hospital discharge.29 The low power of the study for part of the variables, mainly for HC, was a limitation of the present study. However, the frequency of EUGR for HC was low, Metalloexopeptidase indicating that this variable suffered less influence from clinical

variables. Another issue was the lack of nutritional information in the database, which would have allowed for greater detailing of growth restriction causes. Prospective studies that include these variables are necessary. In conclusion, EUGR remains a frequent and universal problem in preterm infants with very low birth weight in neonatal intensive care units, and, therefore, long-term studies are required to determine better methods to feed and care for these infants, especially those born SGA. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. “
“Most chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors begin early in life. Therefore, in recent years, much attention has been focused on the primary prevention of diseases from childhood. The long-term effects of childhood obesity, such as cardiometabolic risk factors including metabolic syndrome (MetS) are of special concern.