However, the expression levels of a transcriptional regulatory protein (MalR) and a hypothetical protein (GSU1247) in wild-type strain grown in 4 mM copper were about two- and fourfold lower than wild type grown without copper, respectively. The intracellular metabolites produced by Pseudomonas sp. TLC6-6.5-4 and the mutant strain CSM2 grown with or without copper was analyzed by GC-MS. A total of 44 compounds – organic acids, sugars, amino acids, nucleosides and lipids – were identified. To examine the overall metabolic changes, the relative metabolite concentrations

were analyzed in an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) using Pearson correlation as the distance metric (Fig. S2). A more robust statistical method, one-way anova, was applied to examine the changes in relative metabolic levels, which identified selleck chemicals llc significant changes of 15 compounds (Fig. 3). Several sugars and amino acids such as glycerol-3-phosphate, alpha-d-glucopyranoside, l-proline and l-isoleucine decreased significantly in the CSM2 mutant compared with wild type see more grown without copper. However, these compounds significantly increased in wild type grown with 4 mM copper. In addition, the concentration of several organic

acids including phosphoric acid, butanedioic acid and hexadecanoic acid were significantly reduced in wild-type strain with copper exposure, whereas the concentration of these compounds was not altered in the CSM2 mutant compared with wild-type strain grown without copper. Transposon insertion in CSM2 mutant resulted in the down-regulation of the ABC transporter pathway compared with its up-regulation Fludarabine cost in wild-type strain in the presence of copper (Table 2). Besides ABC transporters, TCA cycle, protein digestion, and absorption and glyoxylate metabolism were affected by exposure to high levels of copper. ABC transporters (amino acid; organic

ion and oligosacchride) Protein digestion and absorption Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism In this study, the response of Pseudomonas sp. TLC6-6.5-4 to elevated copper ion concentrations was evaluated using morphological, transposon insertion, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses. Alternation in cell morphology is a visible indicator of bacterial adaptation to environmental stress (Justice et al., 2008). A significant reduction of bacterial cell size observed in the wild type in the presence of copper was similar to that of a lead-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain exposed to 0.8 M lead nitrate (Naik & Dubey, 2011). Pseudomonas outer-membrane has two major groups of lipoproteins with peptidoglycan binding lipoproteins and efflux porins (Remans et al., 2010). Bacterial shape is controlled by peptidoglycan and its associated lipoproteins (Pierce et al., 2011). It is likely that a peptidoglycan-binding lipoprotein or the efflux lipoprotein identified in this study may have a role in cell size regulation.