Not only XrvB but also another factor(s) seems to be involved in the inactivation of hrpG expression in NBY. When MAFF/XrvB∷Km (pHMHrpX∷GUS) was incubated Ivacaftor manufacturer in NBY, GUS activity remained much lower than the level in XOM2. As reported previously (Wengelnik et al., 1996b, 1999), phosphorylation of HrpG is required for the expression of HrpX. It is likely that XrvB is not involved in the phosphorylation process and that the high levels of HrpG remain nonphosphorylated and inactive for hrp gene expression during NBY incubation. To confirm the negative regulation of hrp gene expression by XrvB, we analyzed the accumulation of HrpG- and HrpX-regulated gene product Hpa1 in bacterial cells by

Western blot analysis using anti-Hpa1 antibody (Fig. 2). After proteins were transferred to a membrane, we stained the upper part of the membrane, where proteins with a molecular weight >20 kDa were located (the molecular weight of Hpa1 is c. 18 kDa), with Coomassie brilliant blue and confirmed that similar amounts of proteins were loaded in each lane.

Western blot analysis using the lower part of the membrane revealed that the lack of XrvB resulted in E7080 more accumulation of Hpa1 in bacterial cells than that of the wild type. Interestingly, the introduction of the complementary plasmid pHMXrvB into the mutant, as well as into the wild type, caused less Hpa1 accumulation than even in the wild type with the empty vector,

likely because multiple copies of xrvB suppress the expression of hrp genes. The results strongly support that XrvB is involved in the negative regulation of hrp gene expression. We examined the activation of the T3S system in the XrvB mutant in planta using the B. pertussis calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase (Cya) reporter assay (Sory & Cornelis, 1994; Furutani et al., 2009). The wild mafosfamide type and the mutant transformed with pHMXopR∷Cya, which harbors xopR (an effector gene) and cya fusion gene (Furutani et al., 2009), were infiltrated into N. benthamiana leaves. After 3- and 6-h incubations, the translocation of the fusion protein into plant cells was examined by measuring cAMP accumulation. Higher accumulation of cAMP was observed in the leaves with MAFF/XrvB∷Km (pHMXopR∷Cya) than those with the wild-type derivative (Table 2), indicating that more XopR∷Cya fusion protein was secreted into the plant cells. These results suggest that, also in planta, the loss of XrvB activates the expression of T3S-related genes (hrp genes and effector genes), followed by active secretion. Generally, H-NS proteins are involved in regulating multiple gene expression and, as a result, are involved in regulating multiple cellular functions (Tendeng & Bertin, 2003; Dorman 2004). When MAFF/XrvB∷Km was incubated in synthetic medium XOM2 containing 0.