To address this issue, we then examined OPC proliferation using BrdU labeling. The percentage of BrdU+ cells was significantly increased in cultures exposed to ACDM (Fig. ​(Fig.2B),2B), but not MCDM (Fig. ​(Fig.2C)2C) or the control (Fig. ​(Fig.2A).2A). To further identify the specific factors that mediate ACDM-enhanced OPC proliferation,

the activity of PDGFaa, bFGF, and IGF-1, three major cytokines known to be secreted by astrocytes, were blocked using neutralizing antibodies. The data showed that blocking PDGFaa and bFGF, but not IGF-1, significantly reduced the number of BrdU+ cells in ACDM-exposed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cultures (Fig. ​(Fig.22E). Figure 2 ACDM, but not MCDM, promotes OPC proliferation. After being exposed to the control or the conditioned medium for 48 h, OPC proliferation was assessed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical by BrdU labeling. (A) Representative photographs show that the number of BrdU+ cells, which was minimal … Although ACDM significantly promoted OPC proliferation, the number of BrdU+ cells only accounted for 10% of total cells (Fig. ​(Fig.2B),2B), suggesting

that newly generated cells only partially contributed to the higher rate of OL survival noted in ACDM- versus MCDM-treated cultures. By assessing the number of both apoptotic cells (pyknotic nuclei) and total cells (pyknotic nuclei and intact nuclei combined) at 8 days of treatment, it showed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that the percentage of degenerated cells was significantly lower in ACDM-treated (22.2%) compared with MCDM-treated Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cultures (41.9%), while the total number of cells was 11.5% higher in ACDM versus MCDM-treated cultures. MCDM, but not ACDM, enhances OL differentiation OLs maintained in MCDM displayed profound morphological changes, which

were readily discernable under the invert microscopy as early as 24 h. The most notable change was the development of comprehensive process network (Figs. ​(Figs.1A1A and ​and3).3). To better characterize the effects of the conditioned medium on OL differentiation, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a panel of OL developmental markers with distinct immunocytochemical labeling patterns was used (O4 and MBP label both somata and processes of immature OLs and mature OLs, respectively; APC labels only somata of mature OLs; and Rip labels fine processes of both immature and mature OLs). As shown in Figure ​Figure3,3, MCDM strongly this website accelerated OL differentiation as evidenced by Ketanserin higher percentages of APC+ mature OLs (Fig. ​(Fig.3F)3F) with concomitant lower percentages of O4+ OPCs (Fig. ​(Fig.3C)3C) in 8-day cultures. In contrast, although ACDM also significantly increased APC+ mature OLs (Fig. ​(Fig.3E)3E) when compared to the control, the effect was much weaker than that of MCDM (14.7 ± 1.6 vs. 75.6 ± 3.1, P < 0.01). In fact, cells maintained in ACDM remained primarily as undifferentiated O4+ immature OLs (Fig. ​(Fig.