03 μS/cm) in nitric acid-treated glassware. To prepare holo-ZinT, the apo-ZinT protein was dialyzed for 24 h against 1 mM ZnSO4, 50 mM Tris-HCl,

pH 7.5, and then extensively dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. Protein concentration was evaluated by the method of Lowry [30]. Cell cultures and competition assay Human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) were Tanespimycin cell line cultured at 37°C in humidified air with CO2. Caco-2 cell line was maintained in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (D-MEM) containing 1 g/l glucose, 100 μg/ml penicillin, 100 μg/ml streptomycin, 4 mM L-glutamine and 10% fetal calf serum. For adhesion experiments E. coli O157:H7 wild type and mutant strains were grown in LB broth supplemented with 2 mM EDTA. Overnight cultures were diluted in D-MEM to a final concentration of 106 cells/ml and then 1 ml of this dilution was used to infect Caco-2 cells previously seeded on a 24-well plate. After two hours of infection each well was washed three times with phosphate buffered

saline (PBS), to remove non adherent bacteria, and then lysed with cold Triton X-100 solution (0.5% in PBS). Serial dilutions of the cellular lysates were plated on LB containing kanamycin or chloramphenicol (see Table 4) to enumerate adherent bacteria. The same approach was used to carry out competitive infections. In this case, the 106 cells/ml bacterial suspensions in D-MEM were mixed in pairs in a 1:1 ratio and 1 ml of these mixtures Buparlisib solubility dmso was used to infect Caco-2 cells. Each competition experiment was selleck screening library performed in five different wells and repeated tree times. The infected cells were treated as described above and, after plating of the adherent bacteria, 200 colonies were individually picked on selective plates. The competitive index (CI) was calculated by the formula CI = output (Strain A/Strain B)/inoculum (Strain A/Strain B). Statistical differences between outputs and inputs were determined by the Student’s t -test. Table 4 Competition assays in CaCo-2 cells Strain A (relevant genotype) Strain B (relevant genotype) Median CIa Pb

Wild type znuA::cam* 6.833 0.034 Wild type zinT::kan* 0.980 NS Wild type zinT:: kan znuA:: cam* 3.899 0.004 zinT::kan zinT:: kan znuA:: cam* 2.788 < 0.001 znuA::cam zinT:: kan* znuA:: cam 0.697 0.004 a. Competitive index = output (Strain A/Strain B)/inoculum (Strain A/Strain B). b. Statistical differences between output and inocula (the P-values) were determined by the Students t test. NS, not significant. * Antibiotic used for strains selection To analyse the expression of ZnuA and ZinT during infections, Caco-2 cells infected with the RG-F116 or the RG-F117 strains (which express epitope-tagged ZnuA and ZinT, respectively) were lysed 2 h post-infection, and the lysates were harvested and analysed by Western blot. Results Influence of zin T and znu A on E.