6 Transgenic plants have genes inserted into them, deriving from other species. The inserted genes can come from species within the same kingdom (plant to plant) or between kingdoms (bacteria to plant). In many cases, the inserted
DNA has to be modified slightly in order to correctly and efficiently express in the host organism. Transgenic plants are used to express proteins, like the cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis, herbicide resistant genes and find more antigens for vaccinations.7 Cisgenic plants are made up of using genes, found within the same species or a closely related one, where conventional plant breeding can occur. Some breeders and scientists argue that cisgenic modification is useful for plants that are difficult to crossbreed by conventional means (such as potatoes). Those plants in the cisgenic category should not require the same level of legal regulation as other genetically modified organisms.8 GM Technology has been used to produce a variety of crop plants to date. As the global population continues to expand, food remains a scare resource. Genetically engineered foods offer significant benefits by improving production Regorafenib molecular weight yield, lowering transportation costs and enhancing the nutritional
content. Developments, resulting in commercially produced varieties in countries such as USA and Canada, have centerd on conferring resistance to insect, pests or viruses and producing tolerance to specific herbicides. While these traits had benefits for the farmers, it has been difficult for the consumers to see any benefit other than these. In limited cases, a decreased price owing to reduced cost and increased ease of production.9 and 10 Several GM crops for malnutrition are expected to be revealed for cultivation in the coming five to ten years.11 Plants that can tolerate herbicides are called Herbicide Resistant Plants. Glyphosate is an active ingredient of many broad spectrum herbicides. Glyphosate resistant transgenic tomato, potato, tobacco, cotton etc are developed by transferring
aro A gene into a glyphosate EPSP synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli Sulphonylurea resistant tobacco plants are produced by transforming the oxyclozanide mutant ALS (acetolactate synthetase) gene from Arabidopsis. QB protein of photo system II from mutant Amaranthus hybrids is transferred into tobacco and other crops to produce atrazine resistant transgenic plants. Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that is pathogenic for a number of insect pests. Its lethal effect is mediated by a protein toxin it produces. Through recombinant DNA methods, the toxin gene can be introduced directly into the genome of the plant, where it is expressed and provides protection against insect pests of the plant. TMV resistant tobacco and tomato plants are produced by introducing viral coat proteins.