In 1975 Niederhuber et al32 found that maximum reduction of bacteria was associated with 20-minute immersion in water at 37.7 °C and agitation. However this study did not incorporate high-quality randomization nor specify the use of antimicrobial additives.2 Evidence to support WP’s effects on increasing local circulation and helping soak and gently remove dressings are anecdotal at best. In a 2003 review of mechanical adjuncts to wound care, Hess et al2 state that water Alisertib price temperatures around 35.5–39.0 °C promote circulation to the wound surface, but do not cite

a source or scientific method to justify this conclusion. The same review cites only personal communication with a colleague to suggest its benefit with allowing dressings to be soaked slowly and gently removed. This reference further states that WP may be good for patients with crush injuries, venous and arterial insufficiency (although the remainder of review does not support this), pyoderma gangrenosum, animal bites, and occasionally Diabetes mellitus.2 The claim that WP decreases wound pain, suppuration and fever, Talazoparib purchase and accelerates healing was made by Langenbeck,33 over 100 years ago. Since then, only one RCT published by

Burke et al30 in 1998 has supported WP’s effect on accelerated wound healing. In the study by Burke, patients with grade III and IV pressure ulcers were randomly assigned to conservative treatment (n = 18) and conservative treatment plus whirlpool (n = 24) groups. Conservative treatment was defined as saline moistened wet-to-wet dressings. Using wound dimension as an outcome, they found that more ulcers in the WP plus conservative treatment group showed improvement (p < 0.05). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is Tacrolimus (FK506) a highly evolved pathogen that is prevalent in hospital environments and recognized as a common

cause of nosocomial infections, especially with hydrotherapy. 34, 35 and 36 These infections may lead to sepsis/septic shock, folliculitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia. Presence of more developed P. aeruginosa can be extremely fatal, with a 33–80% mortality rate. 34, 35 and 36 Many accurate laboratory methods exist to identify and match bacterial strains in a wound to its source (e.g., WP). 37, 38 and 39 Several studies have reported cases of WP-associated P. aeruginosa infection; below is a summary of two reported hospital outbreaks. A 1992 study involving burn victims by Tredget et al34 found that despite weekly surveillance cultures of equipment and standardized protocols for disinfection, a significant lethal strain of P. aeruginosa was found in hydrotherapy (WP) equipment. They associated hydrotherapy use with P. aeruginosa infections, substantial morbidity, and higher mortality rates. The study concluded that there is a significant benefit to managing these patients without hydrotherapy, as it resulted in significant elimination of skin donor site infections.