pecorum studies suggest that this gene is reflective of the overall evolution of the C. pecorum genome [7, 23], however these studies are based on broad comparisons between chlamydial Epoxomicin chemical structure species and do not represent evolutionary lineages on an intra-species level. Alternatively, intra-species C. trachomatis studies have indicated that the ompA locus differs from other regions of its genome [19]. The results of the present study illustrate a tendency for the phylogenetic topology of the ompA gene to separate the Narangba/Brendale populations from the Pine Creek/East

Coomera populations while other, more divergent strains do not cluster according to PI3K inhibitor their respective population. This data would appear to correlate with previous Pritelivir manufacturer C. pecorum fine-detailed epidemiological studies where it was concluded, using the ompA gene, that an association between the site of koala capture and the genotype of its resident C. pecorum strain usually exists, while some genotypes were distributed widely into different geographic areas [7]. The phylogenetic divisions offered by the tree using concatenated sequences, however, clearly show that regions of the ompA gene are actively contributing to a misinterpretation of the “”true”" phylogenetic signal.

This observation supports previous conclusions that ompA is ineffective as a genome-representative marker. It is therefore suggested that while the ompA gene continues to be a useful fine-detailed comparative marker, it remains suboptimal for any phylogenetic, evolutionary and/or biogeographic analysis. Both the tarP and ORF663 genes, conversely, are appealing alternatives to ompA. The tarP gene encodes the translocated actin-recruiting phosphoprotein [57] which has important virulent functions involved in the attachment Rebamipide of the chlamydial elementary body to the host cell [28]. The tarP gene’s tendency

for negative selection and relatively low mean nucleotide diversity reinforces its important biological role in the chlamydial cell and typifies a gene that changes slowly enough to make it useful as an evolutionary chronometer [41]. Recent C. trachomatis studies have suggested that the full-length tarP gene, based on the inverse relationship between the number of tyrosine repeats and the number of actin-binding domains, can be correlated with clinical phenotype [58], highlighting its potential as a useful genetic marker. The koala C. pecorum tarP gene phylogenetic tree produced two distinct clades which, interestingly, revealed a clear separation between the Brendale and Narangba isolates and the Pine Creek and East Coomera isolates.