Local administration of T beta 4 promotes the healing process of MCL, both histologically and mechanically,

click here in a rat model. These findings provide a basis for potential clinical use of T beta 4 in repairing ligaments. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injections of apelins have been shown to modulate the central control of cardiovascular function, as well as the homeostasis of fluid and salt balance, and to some extent also body core temperature. Here, we investigated the effects of i.c.v. administration of [Pyr(1)]apelin13 (PyrAp13; 20 nmol) dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF), as compared to aCSF alone, on fever and sickness behavior elicited in rats by intraperitoneal injection

of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 mu g/kg). Injections of LPS induced a short phase of hypothermia followed by a biphasic fever, depression of motor activity, anorexia and adipsia. I.c.v. injections of PyrAp13 without systemic LPS application slightly augmented motor activity at statistically unaltered core temperature. In combination with LPS, central administration of PyrAp13 significantly reduced fever during the time period of 3-9 h after injection, but did not significantly attenuate anorexia and adipsia, PFT�� datasheet and had no effect on LPS-induced lethargy. Rats injected with PyrAp13 along with LPS showed a reduced level of LPS-induced circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Primary neuroglial cultures established from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), brain sites being of major importance for central thermoregulation and also expressing the apelin receptor, were incubated with medium alone, medium containing LPS (100 mu g/ml) or LPS plus PyrAp13 (10(-6) mol/L). Ninety minutes after start of the incubation, LPS alone

but not LPS in combination with PyrAp13 (10(-6) mol/L) caused a significant elevation of TNF-alpha in the supernatants. The novel observation that PyrAp13 represents a centrally acting endogenous antipyretic peptide is discussed in relation to its capacity to modulate peripheral DOK2 and central formation of TNF-alpha. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The Waxy Monkey Leaf Frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei, has been extensively-studied for many years, and a broad spectrum of bioactive peptides has been found in its skin secretions. Here we report the discovery of a novel tryptophyllin (TPH) peptide, named PsT-1, from this frog species. Skin secretions from specimens of P. sauvagei were collected by mild electrical stimulation. Peptides were identified and characterized by transcriptome cloning, and the structure was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and automated Edman degradation.