1% (v/v) TFA. External mass calibration was performed with low-mass peptide standards (PerSeptive Biosystems). For the characterization of products of cell wall breakdown, postsource decay (PSD) fragment ion spectra were obtained after isolation of the Selleck Buparlisib appropriate precursor using timed ion selection. Fragment ions were

refocused onto the final detector by stepping the voltage applied to the reflector and individual segments combined using perseptive biosystems software (De Simone et al., 2009). CHCA was used in this study according to Boneca et al., 2000. The sample (1 μL, in water) was loaded on the target, dried, and re-dissolved in CHCA (1 μL, 10 mg mL−1 in 0.1% TFA in 50% aqueous acetonitrile). For XAV-939 mw each sample, 200 laser pulses were accumulated. Concentration of purified sakacin A was calculated by assuming ε280 = 14 105

(mol−1 cm−1; http://web.expasy.org/protparam/; Kelly et al., 2005). The bacteriocin titer was determined by a serial dilution assay, activity being defined as the reciprocal of the last serial dilution that exhibited a clear zone of inhibition and being expressed as activity units (AU; De Kwaadsteniet et al., 2005). Changes in the cell transmembrane electrical potential were measured by quenching of the potential-sensitive fluorescent probe 3, 3-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (diSC3; Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, OR; Deraz et al., 2005). Cells were suspended in 50 mM potassium-HEPES, pH 7, containing 0.2% glucose (final OD600 nm = 0.4), to give glucose-energized cells. The probe (5 μM) and nigericin (1.5 μM) were mixed with the

glucose-energized cell suspension, and sakacin A (80 AU mL−1) or valinomycin (1.5 μM) was added as appropriate. Fluorescence was measured at 30 °C in a spectrofluorometer (Model LS 50; PerkinElmer, Milan, Italy), with excitation at 643 nm and emission at 666 nm (Suzuki et al., 2005). Changes in the transmembrane pH gradient were measured with the pH-sensitive fluorescent probe 5 (and 6) carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (cFDASE; Molecular Probes Inc.; McAuliffe et al., 1998). The cells were concentrated threefold in 1.5 mL of 50 mM potassium-HEPES 4��8C buffer, pH 8, and then incubated at 30 °C for 10 min with the probe (1 μM). Nonconjugated probe was eliminated by incubating the cells with 10 mM lactose at 30 °C for 30 min. The cells were washed twice, suspended in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7 and placed on ice until used. The intracellular pH was determined by diluting the lactose-loaded cells to a concentration of 107 CFU mL−1 in a 3-mL glass cuvette. Fluorescence was measured as reported earlier. Bacterial cell walls were isolated according to Simelyte et al. (2000).

Currently, instituting a second pharmacy check of PTTAs is not warranted. 1. Dodds LJ.

Pharmacist contributions to ensuring safe and accurate transfer of written medicines-related discharge information: lessons from a collaborative audit JQ1 and service evaluation involving 45 hospitals in England. Eur J Hosp Pharm Published Online First: 10 February 2014. doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2013-000418 K. Medlinskiene Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Hospitals, Hull, UK HDS is the main communication tool between hospital and general practitioners. Evaluate turnaround time for HDS and to what extent pharmacist input was required. The average turnaround time for HDS in the pharmacy was 2 h 22 min and 75% of HDS required pharmacist input. The hospital discharge summary

http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-765.html (HDS) is the main method of communicating patient’s diagnostic findings, hospital management, and arrangements for post-discharge follow up to general practitioners. HDS are additionally checked by hospital pharmacists if discharge medication supply is required. It is not unusual to receive complaints from patients about long waiting times for discharge medication. The study aimed to evaluate average time of a HDS journey and extent to which pharmacist input was required. The data collection was performed during one week in November 2013 at one of three acute NHS Trust sites. All HDS received in the pharmacy had forms attached for time recordings (time a HDS was created, reached the pharmacy,

turnaround time in the pharmacy). Data from HDS with completed time recordings was retrospectively analysed with Microsoft Excel to evaluate if pharmacist input was required. Any interventions, contributions and adjustments to HDS e.g. dose changes, additional instructions, completion of stopped medication box, completion of allergy status, were classed as pharmacist input. Ethical approval was not required. A total of 196 HDS had completed forms which represented 62% (314) of all HDS received that week www.selleck.co.jp/products/Docetaxel(Taxotere).html by the pharmacy. The average time for one HDS to reach the pharmacy once it had been created was 1 h 4 min. Only 5% (10) HDS were in the pharmacy 24 h prior discharge as per trust policy.1 The average turnaround time for a HDS was 2 h 22 min, which was considerably lower on the weekend (1 h 18 min). Each HDS was collected or delivered to the ward on average within 33 min. The overall average time of HDS journey was 3 h 59 min. The majority of HDS, 75% (147), required pharmacist input. Pharmacist input was achieved by using information on inpatient drug cards, contacting ward (nurse or doctor), or both (Table 1). Table 1 Sources used for pharmacists input Drug card 70% (103) Contacting ward (doctor or nurse) 2% (3) Both 28% (44) HDS are mostly written by junior doctors and errors are often associated with this junior status.

Eight days after returning to Marseille, France, he was hospitalized with a 2-day history of fever, chills, myalgia,

arthralgia, fatigue, headache, and retro-orbital pain. The time interval between return from endemic area to occurrence of fever was therefore 6 days. The incubation time between suspected exposures and occurrence of fever was 9, 11, and 12 days. His laboratory results on admission are summarized in Table 1. The abdominal echography showed a moderate hepatosplenomegaly. Within 3 days, he exhibited a generalized rash with desquamation and purpura localized to the ankles and was transferred to the Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine. The initial working diagnosis was dengue fever, based on clinical and biological features and on the confirmed presence of dengue virus in the neighboring islands.3 The clinical status improved initially under intravenous Trichostatin A acetaminophen

and rehydration. Blood and urine cultures remained negative. Laboratory findings revealed a transient thrombocytopenia, mild renal dysfunction, and a slight increase in hepatic enzymes (Table 1). Repeated serological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were all negative for dengue, chikungunya, West Nile virus, and Rift Valley fever. Surprisingly, after 3 days of favorable outcome, the patient developed intense neuralgia of the left nervus

trigeminus (V3), which lasted for 5 days. Four days later, he complained of intense abdominal pain that RXDX-106 in vitro was associated with a sixfold rise in lipase see more levels (Table 1). This finding was not associated with changes to the hepatobiliary tract on computed tomography (CT) scan. The clinical status improved under fasting and symptomatic treatment. Leptospirosis was diagnosed through the presence of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) in the blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, >1/6400). The Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup was identified by the microagglutination method. The diagnosis was confirmed by detecting Leptospira interrogans DNA in urine samples using PCR, as previously described.4 Serological assays were negative for acute hepatitis A, B, C, and E, human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, varicella zoster virus, parvovirus, coxsackie virus, legionella, chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, campylobacter, Lyme disease, Q fever, and Rickettsia conori infections. The patient was successfully treated with ceftriaxone for 10 days. None of the individuals who traveled with the patient fell ill during their stay in Mauritius and over the weeks following their return to France. Leptospirosis is endemic in the Western Indian Ocean area and human cases have been reported in Reunion Island.

Legionella pneumophila find more in the replicative growth phase is not proficient at infecting macrophages or preventing phagolysosome maturation (Byrne & Swanson, 1998; Hammer & Swanson, 1999). Only in the PE-phase do the bacteria acquire the capacity to evade lysosomal degradation. In the E-phase, small vesicles are typically still connected to the cell wall, but released LPS structures were also observed, whereas in the PE-phase, vesicles were profusely released (Helbig et al., 2006b). This explains our data for

inhibitory activity by OMV in the PE-phase and not in the E-phase (Fig. 1). The inhibitory effect of OMV on phagosome maturation is due to the host cell-modulating components inside the vesicles (Helbig et al., 2006a; Galka et al., 2008) and due to its LPS surface structures, respectively, most probably both. The involvement of LPS in L. pneumophila pathogenesis has been under discussion since phase-variable expression of the LPS was found to show a phase-variant mutant (Lüneberg et al., 1998). Our data show for the first time that LPS is an independent

factor for evasion of lysosomal degradation independent of whether it exhibits virulence traits (Fig. 1). LPS fractions <300 kDa obtained in the E-phase significantly delay phagolysosomal maturation 1 h after phagocytosis (P<0.001), likewise obtained in the PE-phase. The LPS of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 exhibits peculiar chemical features,

which may account for its http://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-99021-ct99021-hcl.html importance Adenosine as a bacterial virulence factor (Zähringer et al., 1995). We used Corby strain (MAb 3/1-positive) and its mutant TF 3/1 (MAb 3/1-negative) as the only option to explore the impact of differences in LPS hydrophobicity on the modulation of host cells, because the bacterial genomic equipment differs only in one gene expressing an enzymatically active or a nonactive O-acetyltransferase (Zou et al., 1999; Lück et al., 2001). MAb 3/1 recognizes an epitope associated with the highest degree of O-chain hydrophobicity among serotypes of L. pneumophila (Helbig et al., 1995; Knirel et al., 2001), whereas the mutant possesses, instead of 8-O-acetyl groups, free hydroxyl groups on the legionaminic acid homopolymere. Contrary to our consideration, both LPS types showed similar inhibitory effects (Figs 1 and 2). However, we have no quantitative data on hydrophobicity and its relationship between the dose and the impact on the host cell. Therefore, it cannot be ruled out that the increased hydrophobicity of MAb 3/1-positive LPS has no additional impact on the modulation of phagolysosome maturation caused by the already high degree of hydrophobicity of MAb 3/1-negative LPS.

Only 23% of backpackers stated that they always washed their hands before eating food. The complete results are shown in http://www.selleckchem.com/products/iwr-1-endo.html Table 3. Of the 404 backpackers in our study, 124 (30.7%) had experienced diarrhea during their trip. About 60% of cases had only single episodes of diarrhea, while 25% had two episodes; only 6% had experienced more than three episodes during the

current trip. Approximately half (48.7%) of the diarrheal attacks occurred in the first 5 days after arrival. Only 16% of diarrheal attacks took place more than 15 days after arrival. Approximately half (48.6%) of the diarrheal episodes lasted 1 to 2 days, and 30.6% of episodes lasted 3 to 4 days. Most diarrheal attacks were mild; 61.6% of cases had only 3 to 4 bowel movements per day,

25.8% had 5 to 6 bowel movements per day, while only 6.6% had more than 10 bowel movements per day. Most cases were self-limited, with only 8.8% required a doctor’s visit, and only 3.2% required hospitalization. However, nearly half of the cases (48.4%) had bought some antidiarrheal medication, and 11.3% had to delay or cancel a trip. Diarrheal attacks occurred in all countries being visited by backpackers in varying percentage. Details of the results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. The mean duration of stay of backpackers in the diarrheal group was statistically longer than the nondiarrheal group (94.4 days vs 49.6 days, p < 0.001. There was no statistical difference between the two groups for other factors, including age, sex, nationality,

and purpose of travel. Most Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor preventive practices were similar in both groups, except that drinking beverages with ice was more common in the diarrheal group (100% vs 89.8%, p < 0.001). Detailed isometheptene analysis is shown in Table 6. In our study, the incidence of travelers’ diarrhea among backpackers in Southeast Asia was 30.7% in an average stay of 60 days. This number was a close match with the estimated risk of travelers’ diarrhea in Asia, which ranged between 20 and 60%.1,4,6 However, with a focus only on Southeast Asia, particularly on Thailand, the incidence in our study was much higher than previous reports. A recent, well-designed study worthy of mention was conducted with foreign travelers in two main cities of Thailand: Chiangmai and Phuket.9 The researchers reported the incidence rate of travelers’ diarrhea in Thailand of between 1.6 and 17.6%, depending on the nationalities of the travelers. When focus on European travelers, which were the majority (80%) of our study also, the risk of diarrhea among them was only 6%, five times lower than our study. Our study, as well as the study of Japanese backpackers,12 might support the general assumption that backpackers as a group are at higher risk of diarrhea than the average traveler. The backpackers in the present study were clearly younger (mean age 26 vs 40.

After undertaking the e-module there were statistically significant increases in the self-ranked confidence and knowledge levels of

junior doctors regarding diabetes management. This included improvements in identifying different types buy MLN0128 of insulin, making insulin dose adjustments for hypoglycaemia/hyperglycaemia and a reduction in reported prescription errors. The results from the NaDIA also suggest an improvement in ‘good diabetes days’ for insulin-treated patients with diabetes and a pattern of reduction in prescription and management errors. This study demonstrates that an inpatient diabetes management e-module increases junior doctors’ knowledge and confidence in managing diabetes. A multi-centre study would be needed to confirm whether this translates into better management of inpatients with diabetes. E-modules may be used to cover further topics in diabetes, and to support nursing and patient education. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. Practical Diabetes 2013; 30(3): 122–127 “
“Insulin related drug errors are a significant source of adverse incidents in the inpatient cancer metabolism targets hospital setting. The answer to this issue is not more training or ‘trying harder’: it is to recognise that errors will occur and to work around this, by identifying the common sources of error and making changes

to systems, introducing checklists and increasing awareness of the difficulty of getting insulin dosing right. Such changes require clinical leadership and both junior and senior diabetologists should be at the forefront of getting involved and addressing the problem as a commitment to patient care. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons. “
“Coping with diabetes and managing daily challenges remain a major factor in adolescents. After initial diagnosis, the daily management of diabetes happens at home. Dealing with diabetes on a daily basis affects dietary habits and physical Idoxuridine activities. Daily multiple testing of finger

blood glucose levels increases the emotional burden of the disease. Clarifying the responsibility for diabetes self-management should be a continuous dialogue between adolescents and parents. These are two cases of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus that did not have direct parental supervision at home. The two adolescents concerned have altered the results of their self-glucose monitoring to obtain secondary gain and avoid diabetes self-management, showing how manipulative teenagers can be when it comes to dealing with diabetes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons. “
“Diabetes UK has supported the concept of integrated diabetes care to ensure that the person with diabetes is seen by the right professional at the right time in the right place.

These data suggest that N. gonorrhoeae transformation of ssDNA is largely dependent on the presence of the Crick DUS12. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was grown on GC Medium Base (GCB) (Difco) plates with Kellogg’s supplements I and II (Kellogg et al., 1968) and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. Escherichia coli strain TOP10F′ (Invitrogen) was used to replicate recombinant M13 phage. The F′ episome was maintained in the TOP10F′ cells by addition of tetracycline (15 μg mL−1) in the LB or YT media used to grow the E. coli. Transformation was investigated in the laboratory strains FA1090

(Connell click here et al., 1988) and MS11 (Meyer et al., 1982). The concentration of Nalidixic acid (Nal) in GCB was 1 μg mL−1 for strain FA1090 and 3 μg mL−1 for strain MS11. We have previously constructed plasmids containing DUS0 and DUS12 gyrB1 DNA [plasmids gyrB1 DUS0 and gyrB1 DUS12 (Duffin & Seifert, 2010)]; these plasmids were digested with EcoRI, and the DNA fragments were cloned into EcoRI digested M13mp18 IWR-1 cost and M13mp19 replicative form (RF) DNA. Positive clones were isolated in TOP10F′ cells (Invitrogen) using blue/white screening on Xgal containing media. Recombinant RF DNA was purified from infected TOP10F′ cells, and gyrB1 inserts were confirmed

by restriction digest analysis and DNA sequencing. M13mp18 and M13mp19, which have opposing orientation of the multiple cloning sites, were utilized so that either the Watson or the Crick strand of the gyrB1 and DUS12 would be encoded by recombinant phage. Recombinant phage harboring both orientations DUS12 gyrB1 DNA and the DUS0 constructs were obtained and used to produce ssDNA. DNA sequencing was carried at the sequencing core of Northwestern University, and the program suite VectorNTI (Invitrogen) was used to analyze DNA sequences. TOP10F′ cells were infected with recombinant M13 phage and grown for 5 h at 37 °C with constant agitation. Qiagen M13 and Qiagen miniprep kits were

used to filipin purify ssDNA and RF DNA, respectively, from recombinant phage infection following the manufacturer’s instructions. The amount of contaminating dsDNA (from RF DNA) in the ssDNA preps was assessed by Southern blots probed with oligonucleotide probes (see below). Owing to variability in the quality of the ssDNA preparations (possibly due to cell lysis during phage infection), each individual ssDNA preparation was measured for ssDNA purity by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analysis (see below). To obtain sufficient ssDNA for the transformation experiments, ssDNA preparations that were deemed pure (< 1 : 10 000 contaminating DNA) were pooled together to create ssDNA stocks.

These data suggest that N. gonorrhoeae transformation of ssDNA is largely dependent on the presence of the Crick DUS12. Neisseria gonorrhoeae was grown on GC Medium Base (GCB) (Difco) plates with Kellogg’s supplements I and II (Kellogg et al., 1968) and incubated at 37 °C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere. Escherichia coli strain TOP10F′ (Invitrogen) was used to replicate recombinant M13 phage. The F′ episome was maintained in the TOP10F′ cells by addition of tetracycline (15 μg mL−1) in the LB or YT media used to grow the E. coli. Transformation was investigated in the laboratory strains FA1090

(Connell www.selleckchem.com/products/LY294002.html et al., 1988) and MS11 (Meyer et al., 1982). The concentration of Nalidixic acid (Nal) in GCB was 1 μg mL−1 for strain FA1090 and 3 μg mL−1 for strain MS11. We have previously constructed plasmids containing DUS0 and DUS12 gyrB1 DNA [plasmids gyrB1 DUS0 and gyrB1 DUS12 (Duffin & Seifert, 2010)]; these plasmids were digested with EcoRI, and the DNA fragments were cloned into EcoRI digested M13mp18 selleck chemicals and M13mp19 replicative form (RF) DNA. Positive clones were isolated in TOP10F′ cells (Invitrogen) using blue/white screening on Xgal containing media. Recombinant RF DNA was purified from infected TOP10F′ cells, and gyrB1 inserts were confirmed

by restriction digest analysis and DNA sequencing. M13mp18 and M13mp19, which have opposing orientation of the multiple cloning sites, were utilized so that either the Watson or the Crick strand of the gyrB1 and DUS12 would be encoded by recombinant phage. Recombinant phage harboring both orientations DUS12 gyrB1 DNA and the DUS0 constructs were obtained and used to produce ssDNA. DNA sequencing was carried at the sequencing core of Northwestern University, and the program suite VectorNTI (Invitrogen) was used to analyze DNA sequences. TOP10F′ cells were infected with recombinant M13 phage and grown for 5 h at 37 °C with constant agitation. Qiagen M13 and Qiagen miniprep kits were

used to Adenosine purify ssDNA and RF DNA, respectively, from recombinant phage infection following the manufacturer’s instructions. The amount of contaminating dsDNA (from RF DNA) in the ssDNA preps was assessed by Southern blots probed with oligonucleotide probes (see below). Owing to variability in the quality of the ssDNA preparations (possibly due to cell lysis during phage infection), each individual ssDNA preparation was measured for ssDNA purity by agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blot analysis (see below). To obtain sufficient ssDNA for the transformation experiments, ssDNA preparations that were deemed pure (< 1 : 10 000 contaminating DNA) were pooled together to create ssDNA stocks.

005). We then conducted two-sample t-tests to evaluate the effect of regularity in a tone sequence by

contrasting the random omissions with the within-group omissions and the random omissions with the between-group omission in musicians and non-musicians separately (uncorrected P < 0.001). In order to evaluate an interaction between musical experience and omission, we conducted a two-way anova with factors musical experience (musicians or non-musicians) and omission (random, within-group, or between-group) using a threshold of uncorrected P < 0.001. All statistical parametric maps were superimposed onto the MNI template T1 image. The MNI coordinates of these voxels were converted AG-014699 supplier to Talairach space using the GingerALE software (Laird et al., 2010). Talairach Palbociclib manufacturer Client software (Lancaster et al., 2007) was used for anatomical labeling. In order to further evaluate

the time course of the contribution of activated areas, we conducted region of interest (ROI) analysis. The amplitude of each dipole in a 10 mm diameter circle that was centered upon the selected ROI on the cortical mesh was averaged in each time point in each subject. The mean of these values between 100 and 200 ms after the omission was then calculated. The ROI activity was then analysed using anova and Bonferroni-corrected t-tests for statistical comparison. The difference between the timing of the button press and the onset of the omission (the time that the L tone was expected Cediranib (AZD2171) to present) was calculated as the reaction time. In addition,

the number of responses was also measured and correct detection of the omission by the subjects was evaluated. Data were exported to R software and analysed using a two-way anova with the factors musical experience (musicians, non-musicians) and omission (random, within-group, between-group). As a post-hoc analysis, we conducted paired t-tests and Bonferroni-corrected multiple comparisons. The mean of the reaction time in each condition is plotted in Fig. 1C. A two-way anova with the reaction time showed a main effect of omission (F2,38 = 6.78, P = 0.003), whereas there was neither a main effect of musical experience nor an interaction between them. Multiple comparison revealed a significant difference between the random and within-group omission (t19 = 2.67, adjusted P = 0.045) and between the random and between-group omission (t19 = 2.67, adjusted P = 0.045), whereas there was no difference between the within- and between-group omissions. The percentage of correct responses was 94.0% (SD ± 5.2%) for the random omission, 93.8% (SD ± 7.4%) for the within-group omission, and 93.6% (SD ± 6.9%) for the between-group omission, and did not show any significant difference across the conditions. Figure 2 shows an example of an MEG waveform in a non-musician using the random sequence.

In this work, a scaled down method for determination of aspartase activity was performed in a 96-well microtitre plate. Consequently, only small sample and reagent volumes were required. Drs Daniel Wechsler and Stefan Irmler from Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP, Switzerland, are gratefully acknowledged for sharing their knowledge of the use of PAB in Swiss-type cheese manufacturing. Ms Jonna Rusi is

thanked for her skilful technical assistance. “
“Alteromonas macleodii Deep ecotype is a marine, heterotrophic, gammaproteobacterium isolated in the Mediterranean Sea between depths of 1000 and 3500 m. The sequenced GPCR Compound Library cost strain was previously reported to contain a [NiFe] hydrogenase. We verified the presence of this hydrogenase in other strains of A. macleodii Deep ecotype that were previously isolated from several bathypelagic microenvironments.

We developed a system for the genetic manipulation of A. macleodii Deep ecotype using conjugation and used this system to create Poziotinib solubility dmso mutant strains that lack the [NiFe] hydrogenase structural genes (hynSL). The mutants did not possess hydrogenase activity, and complementation of the mutant strain with the hynSL genes successfully restored hydrogenase activity. Both the mutant and the wild-type strains grew at the same rate in a variety of media and under different environmental conditions, indicating little effect of the hydrogenase mutation under the conditions tested. Bathypelagic environments exist well below the photic zone at depths between 1000 and 4000 m. At such depths, pressure increases to 10–40 MPa

and temperatures decline; however, Mediterranean basins maintain warmer temperatures throughout the water column because they are sheltered from cold polar currents (Martín-Cuadrado et al., 2007). The Urania basin in the eastern Mediterranean is characterized by hypersaline, anoxic waters (Borin et al., 2009). A steep chemocline Forskolin chemical structure of 5 m separates the oxic seawater above from the anoxic brine layer below that contains 16% salinity and high concentrations of sulfide (10–16 mM), methane (5.5 mM), sulfate (85 mM), phosphate (41 μM), and manganese II (3.47 μmol kg−1) (Sass et al., 2001; Borin et al., 2009). The warmer waters and extreme geochemistry of Urania basin make for an unusual microbial ecosystem that is largely separated from surface inputs and that has only recently been characterized (Sass et al., 2001; Borin et al., 2009). Several recent studies have profiled the microbial consortium inhabiting this deep water environment (Sass et al., 2001; Lopez-Lopez et al., 2005; Yakimov et al., 2007; Borin et al., 2009). One frequently isolated bacterium is Alteromonas macleodiii, a marine, heterotrophic, gammaproteobacterium.