The incidence was significantly higher in

females (females = 2.5%, males = 0.83% p = 0.01) and in patients receiving a single shot block (single shot = 2.66%, femoral catheter = 0.93, p = 0.01).\n\nConclusions: The incidence of neurological complication after FNB was higher in this series than typically reported and the symptoms significantly influenced the quality Citarinostat chemical structure of life in the affected cases. The decision to include a femoral nerve block in the pen-operative analgesic regimen should be made on an individual basis considering the risks and benefits. Level of evidence: Therapeutic level IV. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite, causes sleeping sickness in humans and Nagana disease in domestic animals in central Africa. The trypanosome surface is extensively covered by glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins known as variant surface glycoproteins and procyclins. GPI anchoring is suggested to be important for trypanosome survival and establishment of infection. Trypanosomes are not only pathogenically important, but also constitute a useful model for elucidating the GPI biosynthesis pathway. This review focuses on the trypanosome GPI biosynthesis pathway. Studies

on GPI that will be described indicate the potential for the design of drugs that specifically inhibit trypanosome GPI biosynthesis.”
“Animals and humans make decisions based on their expected outcomes. Since relevant outcomes PFTα concentration are Acalabrutinib datasheet often delayed, perceiving delays and choosing between earlier vs. later rewards (intertemporal decision-making) is an essential component of animal behavior. The myriad observations made in experiments studying

intertemporal decision-making and time perception have not yet been rationalized within a single theory. Here we present a theory Training-Integrated Maximized Estimation of Reinforcement Rate (TIMERR)-that explains a wide variety of behavioral observations made in intertemporal decision-making and the perception of time. Our theory postulates that animals make intertemporal choices to optimize expected reward rates over a limited temporal window which includes a past integration interval-over which experienced reward rate is estimated-as well as the expected delay to future reward. Using this theory, we derive mathematical expressions for both the subjective value of a delayed reward and the subjective representation of the delay. A unique contribution of our work is in finding that the past integration interval directly determines the steepness of temporal discounting and the non-linearity of time perception. In so doing, our theory provides a single framework to understand both intertemporal decision-making and time perception.”
“Silver nano-particles (2-5 nm diam.), as antimicrobial agent and boric acid, as ethylene production inhibitor are used for enhancing the quality and vase life of cut flowers.

Autoantibodies, targeting myeloperoxidase, the bactericidal/permeability-increasing

protein and calgranulin may further compromise pathogen defence. Short consensus sequences, within immunogenic extracellular regions of the CFTR protein, are homologous to proteins expressed by P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. maltophilia, and to several autoantigens, with a universal overlap between S3I-201 mouse autoantigen/pathogen/CFTR consensi. Antibodies to pathogens are thus likely responsible for the creation of these autoantibodies, which, with pathogen antibodies, may target the CFTR protein acting as antagonists, further compromising its function. This creates a feedforward cycle, diminishing the function of the CFTR protein and increasing the probability of pathogen accumulation and antibody production at every turn. Interruption of this cycle by antibody adsorption or immunosuppressant therapy may be beneficial in cystic fibrosis.”
“BACKGROUND: Drug hypersensitivity is responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity, and increased health costs. However, epidemiological data on drug hypersensitivity in general or specific populations are scarce.\n\nMETHODS: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 1015 university students, using a self-reported questionnaire.\n\nRESULTS: The prevalence of self-reported drug hypersensitivity was 12,11% (123/1015). The most frequently implicated drugs were non-steroidal

anti-inflammatory NSC 136476 selleck kinase inhibitor drugs (45,9%) and beta-lactam

and sulfonamide antibiotics (25,40%). The majority of the patients reported dermatological manifestations (99), followed by respiratory (40), digestive (23) and other (19). Forty-five patients had an immediate type reaction, and 76,72% (89) had the drug by oral route.\n\nCONCLUSION: The results showed that drug hypersensitivity is highly prevalent in university students, and that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and antibiotics (beta-lactams and sulfonamide) are the most frequently concerned drugs.”
“Saxagliptin is a potent, selective DPP4 inhibitor. Highlights from abstracts presented at the 2010 meetings of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association include studies and analyses that shed light on the promising role for saxagliptin within the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data show that saxagliptin combination therapy improves HbA(1c) levels compared with placebo, particularly in patients with high HbA(1c) at baseline, long duration of disease, low baseline creatinine clearance, and low homeostasis model assessment 2 beta-cell function at baseline. These efficacy benefits are achieved without any increase in hypoglycemia or other adverse events. The study results also show that the saxagliptin plus metformin combination is a good candidate for initial therapy in drug-nave patients treated for as long as 72 weeks.

In this work we tried to obtain a sulfonated, non-fluorinated binder based on PIM-1 (polymer of intrinsic microporosity IWR-1-endo order 1) which has up to 2000 times higher permeability than Nafion. However, sulfonation was not straightforward and often led to degradative side reactions. Sulfonated polymers were too brittle to give stable membranes and the highest experimental IEC was 1.03 meq/g, significantly lower than

the theoretical IEC of 3.2 meq/g (2 sulfonic acid groups per repeat unit).”
“Marathrum is a Neotropical genus of Podostemaceae that has been recognized for its elevated degree of vegetative polymorphism. Marathrum rubrum Novelo & Philbrick and Marathrum schiedeanum Cham. represent a clear example: are these distinct species or morphological variants determined by the environment? Three populations were analyzed where we carried out intra-population manual cross-pollinations and compared these to heterospecific pollinations and open-pollinations (control) to test for the presence of reproductive selleck barriers between species. Pollen tube development, seed production, seed size, and germination were observed in legitimate and heterospecific crosses.

Our results indicate that there are no reproductive barriers between these species, since we did not find differences in abundance and/or distribution of pollen tubes among pollination treatments. Significant differences among populations in the average number of ovules were found. Similarly, seed number differed among pollination treatments. In general, heterospecific Selleckchem CDK inhibitor crosses produced less seeds than manual cross-pollinations and open-pollinated flowers. Average seed size was larger for heterospecific crosses than manual cross-pollinations and open-pollinations, whereas no differences in seed germination among populations or pollination

treatments were detected. The results support the hypothesis that these ‘species’ constitute morphological variants of the same species. These results are consistent with the proposal that M. rubrum and M. schiedeanum are conspecific with the more widespread Mesoamerican species Marathrum foeniculaceum Bonpl. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“To the Editor: Current assays for vitamin D sufficiency measure total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D. However, Powe et al. (Nov. 21 issue)(1) conclude that measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D that is not bound to the vitamin D-binding protein, which they refer to as bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D, provides a better assessment of sufficiency. They report that the correlation between levels of bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D and levels of parathyroid hormone is stronger than the correlation between levels of total circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and levels of parathyroid hormone when evaluated across races. However, they fail to reconcile their findings and the rationale underlying their conclusion …

Particular focus has been placed on placebo-controlled studies following a single seizure with supportive electroencephalographic and/or click here brain imaging evidence, in the hope of identifying a realistic design that will satisfy licensing

authorities on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.”
“This article includes a review of major intravenous and endovascular stroke trials, treatment options, and future aspects of acute stroke treatment in hemispheric and vertebrobasilar stroke. Since the invention of local intraarterial thrombolysis by Hermann Zeumer in 1981, acute stroke diagnostics and treatment have undergone dramatic improvement. This article addresses major topics in recent stroke treatment debates: optimization of patient selection, intravenous versus endovascular therapy, time window limitations, combined treatment with intravenous/intraarterial bridging therapies (intravenous/intraarterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator [rtPA] bridging and intravenous glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor/intraarterial rtPA bridging) and modern endovascular treatment modes like percutaneous

transluminal angioplasty (PTA)/stenting and mechanical thrombectomy devices. Modern acute stroke therapy networks Selleckchem ALK inhibitor should optimize their non-invasive diagnostic capacity to early identify candidates for endovascular therapy with rapid access to specialized neuroendovascular centers using standard protocols. The most promising approach in

acute stroke treatment seems to be a combination of intravenous and endovascular revascularization procedure, combining early treatment initiation with direct clot manipulation and PTA/stenting in underlying stenosis with atherothrombotic occlusions. Further randomized studies comparing intravenous and endovascular treatment, mainly in the anterior circulation, have to be expected and need wide support of the neurologic and neuroradiologic stroke community.”
“Nature routinely carries out small-scale chemistry within lipid bound cells and organelles. Liposome-lipid nanotube networks are being developed by many researchers in attempt to imitate these membrane enclosed environments, with the selleck chemicals goal to perform small-scale chemical studies. These systems are well characterized in terms of the diameter of the giant unilamellar vesicles they are constructed from and the length of the nanotubes connecting them. Here we evaluate two methods based on intrinsic curvature for adjusting the diameter of the nanotube, an aspect of the network that has not previously been controllable. This was done by altering the lipid composition of the network membrane with two different approaches. In the first, the composition of the membrane was altered via lipid incubation of exogenous lipids; either with the addition of the low intrinsic curvature lipid soy phosphatidylcholine (soy-PC) or the high intrinsic curvature lipid soy phosphatidylethanolamine (soy-PE).

Methods We analysed a clinical cohort of HIV-infected patients who initiated ART between June 2003 and December 2006 and maintained stable CPE scores. Patients were evaluated with a short neuropsychological battery. Using linear regression, we examined the relationship between results of cognitive tests and CPE scores in all patients. Results Patients were divided into three similarly sized groups GSK923295 price (CPE1, CPE between 1.5 and 2.5, and CPE2.5). We found that ART with high CPE scores was associated with poorer executive performances in HIV-1-infected patients. Conclusion These

results suggest that cognitive performance in treated HIV-infected patients could be influenced by ART.”
“Background: DNA damage effects of vitamin B-12 deficiency were performed in vitro and in adults.\n\nMethods: The study group included 32 children (13 girls, 19 boys) with

vitamin B-12 deficiency (mean age 44 1 58 months) and their 27 mothers (mean age 30.4 +/- 5.3 years). The control group contained 30 healthy children and 25 mothers. DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes were assayed by single-cell alkaline gel electrophoresis (comet assay) before and 8 days after the first injection of vitamin B-12.\n\nResults: Mean DNA damage scores in children with vitamin B-12 deficiency and their mothers were significantly higher before treatment than those after treatment. The DNA damage scores of children after treatment were still significantly higher than controls. There were significant negative correlations between the children and their mothers in terms Vorinostat chemical structure of vitamin B-12 Alisertib levels and DNA damage scores (r = 0.3, P = 0.02; r = 0.58, P = 0.002, respectively). There were correlations between the children’s and their mothers’ DNA damage and the severity of vitamin B-12 deficiency, suggesting that the children

and their mothers may play a role in the scarcity of nutritional vitamin B-12.\n\nConclusion: DNA damage is increased in children with vitamin B-12 deficiency and in their mothers. DNA damage scores were significantly improved through vitamin B-12 therapy 8 days after the first injection, however, they were still significantly higher than those of controls.”
“Purpose: To examine the relationships between breast cancer and both amount of fibroglandular tissue (FGT) and level of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging.\n\nMaterials and Methods: A waiver of authorization was granted by the institutional review board for this retrospective HIPAA-compliant study. Among 1275 women who underwent breast MR imaging screening between December 2002 and February 2008, 39 breast carcinoma cases were identified. Two comparisons were performed: In one comparison, two normal controls-those of the women with negative (benign) findings at breast MR imaging-were matched to each breast cancer case on the basis of age and date of MR imaging.

Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14 (Suppl. 2): 56-61.”
“In this study, the feasibility of ultra-dry storage of Barbados nut (Jatropha curcas L.) seeds was investigated. The J. curcas seeds were dehydrated to six

different moisture contents (1.33-6.98%) and stored at ambient temperature for 3 yr. Then, the indices related to seed vigor were measured. To explore the mechanism of ultra-dry storage, some physiological and biochemical indicators, including electrical conductivity (EC); contents of proline (Pro) and malondialdehyde (MDA); activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase GSK J4 mouse (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR); total soluble sugar content; and fatty acid composition, were determined. Results indicated that moisture content and prehumidification method significantly affected seed germination and vigor. The ultra-dried seeds showed a higher germination percentage than nondehydrated seeds. The germination percentage of ultra-dried seeds was negatively correlated with EC and MDA content and positively correlated with the activities of five

antioxidant enzymes. As compared with the nondehydrated seeds, the ultra-dried seeds had lower soluble sugar and higher unsaturated fatty acids contents. The moisture content of 4.06% was found to be the optimal ultra-drying treatment, which is beneficial to enhance the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, see more thereby slowing the decline in viability of J. curcas seeds.”
“An electrophoretically homogenous MK-2206 research buy aggregate of acid trehalase, invertase and an unidentified 37-41 kDa protein was purified from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. N-terminal analysis of the protein revealed an amino acid sequence identical to that of Bgl2p (endo-beta-l,3-glucanase) of S. cerevisiae. Acid trehalase activity with co-eluted glucanase activity was observed

from late growth phase through early stationary phase. Pools with high percentage of Bgl2p corresponded with high acid trehalase activity. A BGL2 deletion strain had lower acid trehalase activity. The 37-41 kDa protein represents Bgl2p which, besides imparting glucanase activity, could also be acting as a regulator for the acid trehalase activity by association in the enzyme aggregate.”
“In the title moleclue, C(19)H(21)NO, the 4-piperidone ring adopts a chair conformation in which the two benzene rings and the methyl group attached to C atoms all have equatorial orientations. In the crystal structure, centrosymmetric dimers are formed through weak intermolecular C-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds [the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 58.51 (5)degrees].”
“Our previous finding that pre-initiation treatment of indole-3-carbinol (I3C) represents a chemopreventive effect in dimethylbenz(a]anthracene (DMBA)induced mammary carcinogenesis has prompted us to test the global expression of genes at an early stage.

“
“Using targets made with PbF2 matrices, Cs+ sputter sources have been found to yield element-specific patterns of molecular fluoride anions that may be used to enhance the mass spectrometry of certain elements.

While the patterns are found similar for all lanthanides and the heavier actinides, substantial differences are found for the lighter actinides. In the case of Pu and U, of all their fluoride anions, PuF4- and UF5- are produced with the highest yield. Mass spectrometry of Pu using PuF4- can provide a partial chemical separation in the ion source, as the yield of UF4- is two orders of magnitude lower than that of the this website UF5-. This, in turn, reduces scattering of U ions when measuring Pu in the high-energy components of the AMS system. This instrumental reduction of U SR-2156 is advantageous in cases that require rapid Pu analyses as it simplifies the chemistry of Pu/U separation and other steps in the sample processing. In this procedure, Pu can be co-precipitated with another element as a fluoride, which is then mixed with a sufficient amount of PbF2 powder to form a sputter target. A series of tests were carried out and NdF3 was identified

as one such suitable carrier. Measurements of Pu+3 at similar to 0.85 MV terminal voltage showed that the Pu-239,Pu-240,Pu-241,Pu-242 isotopes can be detected with a manageably low background, high efficiency and a 1 fg detection limit. Preliminary tests were carried out using the existing IsoTrace AMS system, modified only by the addition of electronic controls to automatically adjust the terminal voltage and all high-energy electric analyzers, along with the injection magnet bouncer. However, both the injection and detection High Content Screening systems were not designed for this task, so considerable room is available for reducing the detection limit into the ag range with modern AMS systems – such as the one being commissioned at University of Ottawa. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights

reserved.”
“The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is an important mediator of toxic responses after exposure to xenobiotics including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and. dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Activation of AhR responsive genes requires AhR dimerization with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), a heterodimeric partner also shared by the hypoxia-inducible factor-l alpha (HIF-1 alpha) protein. TCDD-stimulated AhR transcriptional activity can be influenced by hypoxia; however, it less well known whether hypoxia interferes with AhR transcriptional transactivation in the context of PCB-mediated AhR activation in human cells.

They were then separated by 2DE and transferred by Western blot onto low fluorescent PVDF-membranes, followed by incubation with the three primary anti-gliadin antibodies one by one. Detection of the reacting proteins used anti-mouse antibody which was labelled with fluorescent dye Cy5. The use of this technique made it possible to co-detect the 2DE-image of the reference material proteins (Cy3) and proteins reacting with the respective antibody (Cy5). The three investigated antibodies had dissimilar reactivities with different proteins of the reference gliadin. Antibodies R5 and PN3 reacted mainly with

gliadin fractions, antibody 401.21 mainly with high molecular weight glutenins. The results confirm the individual specificity of these antibodies and demonstrate the importance of validating immunochemical methods for gluten detection. (C) 2009 Elsevier selleck chemicals Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“An evolving hyper-network model is proposed for better describing some complex systems. A concept of joint degree is introduted, and the evolving mechanism of the hyper-network is given with respect to the joint degree. The hyper-degree distribution

Dorsomorphin mw of this evolving hyper-network is derived based on a rate equation method and is shown to obey a power law, non-Gaussian distribution. Furthermore, the synchronization in a hyper-network of coupled dynamical systems is investigated for the first time. By calculating the joint degree matrix, several simple yet useful synchronization criteria are obtained and are illustrated numerically in specific examples. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Previous studies show that surface immobilized bisphosphonates improve the fixation of stainless steel screws in rat tibia after 2-8 weeks of implantation. We report here about the immobilization of a potent bisphosphonate, zoledronate, to crosslinked

fibrinogen see more by the use of another technique, i.e. ethyl-dimethyl-aminopropylcarbodiimide (EDC)/imidazole immobilization. Bone fixation of zoledronate-coated screws was compared to screws coated with crosslinked fibrinogen only and ditto with EDC/N-hydroxy-succinimide immobilized pamidronate. Fixation in rat tibia was evaluated by a pull-out test at either 2 or 6 weeks after implantation. Both bisphosphonate coatings increased the pull-out force at both time points, and zoledronate showed a significantly higher pull-out force than pamidronate. To further evaluate the new coating technique we also performed a morphometric study, focusing on the area surrounding the implant. The zoledronate coating resulted in an increased bone density around the screws compared to controls. No pronounced increase was seen around the pamidronate coated screws. Together, the results demonstrate the possibility of obtaining a significant local therapeutic effect with minute amounts of surface immobilized zoledronate.

Finally, a potent negative regulatory Dinaciclib concentration feedback loop limiting KLF3 expression is shown in this study, mediated by KLF3 directly repressing its own gene promoter. In summary, KLFs use regulatory circuits to steer lymphocyte maturation and homing and directly control leukocyte integrin expression.”
“BackgroundImmune

globulin intravenous (IGIV), 10% is a donor-derived polyclonal human immunoglobulin G antibody mixture that has potent immune modulatory properties and contains conformation selective anti-amyloid antibodies. We evaluated the safety and tolerability of multiple doses of IGIV, 10% in Japanese patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. MethodsAmong the 16 subjects, 12 subjects were assigned

to the IGIV group and 4 subjects to the placebo group. Subjects received a total of six infusions of either IGIV at a dose of 0.2 or 0.4g/kg, or placebo every 2 weeks. ResultsA total of 33 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) occurred Pevonedistat research buy in 14 subjects: 13 TEAE in five subjects in both the IGIV 0.2 and 0.4g/kg groups, and 7 TEAE in four subjects in the placebo group. The most common TEAE in the IGIV subjects were nasopharyngitis, injection-site swelling, and erythema. All 26 TEAE in the IGIV group were considered to be mild. Only one mild TEAE (rash) was considered to be possibly related to the study drug. There were no significant differences in incidence of TEAE between the treatment groups. Four serious TEAE were reported, and all of these were considered to be unrelated to the study treatment. Other assessments related to safety revealed neither CCI-779 supplier clinically significant abnormal values nor findings in the study. ConclusionIGIV is generally safe and well tolerated with multiple intravenous infusions at doses of 0.2g/kg and 0.4g/kg in Japanese patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.”
“The first dynamic kinetic asymmetric amination of alcohols via borrowing hydrogen methodology is presented. Under the cooperative

catalysis by an iridium complex and a chiral phosphoric acid, a-branched alcohols that exist as a mixture of four isomers undergo racemization by two orthogonal mechanisms and are converted to diastereo- and enantiopure amines bearing adjacent stereocenters. The preparation of diastereo- and enantiopure 1,2-amino alcohols is also realized using this catalytic system.”
“Purpose of review\n\nOver the past 20 years, tremendous strides have been made to decrease treatment-related morbidity and mortality following allogeneic transplant, including management of acute and chronic lung injury. Within this context, three distinct entities are recognized, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP).

Intrauterine position effects. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 26(6):665-678; J. Vandenbergh, & C. Huggett, (1995). The anogenital distance index, a predictor of the intrauterine position effects on reproduction in female house mice. Lab Anim Sci. 45(5):567-573]. Furthermore, in humans AGD is sexually dimorphic with neonate males having a greater distance than females [E. Salazar-Martinez, P. Romano-Riquer, E. Yanez-Marquez,

M. Longnecker, M. Hernandez-Avila, (2004). Anogenital distance in human male and female newborns: a descriptive, cross-sectional study. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source. 2004:3:(8) (doi:10.1186/1476-069X-3-8) [12]]. Recently, research has concluded that the digit lengths of mice have the same phenotypic pattern seen in humans, with the 2D:4D ratio being sexually dimorphic, i.e. lower in males and greater in females [W. Brown, selleck inhibitor C. Finn, & S. Breedlove, (2002). Sexual dimorphism in digit-length ratios of laboratory mice. Anat Rec. 267(3):231-234; J. Manning, M. Callow, & P. Bundred, (2003).\n\nFinger and toe ratios in humans and mice: implications for the aetiology of diseases influenced byHOX genes. Med Hypotheses. 60(3):340-343; W. Brown, C. Finn, & S. Breedlove, (2001). A sex difference in the digit length ratio in mice. Horm Behav. 39:325]. The following study was conducted to determine

whether the digit length ratios in mice are correlated with a known in utero testosterone-dependent learn more effect, the distance from the anus to the genital papilla, the AGD. The results of the experiment demonstrate that there is no correlation between AGD and the 2D:4D ratio in mice of either sex. Furthermore, no sexual dimorphism in the digit lengths was found as opposed to previous studies [W. Brown, C. Finn, & S. Breedlove, (2002). Sexual dimorphism in digit-length ratios of laboratory mice. Anat Rec. 267(3):231-234; J. Manning, M. Callow, & P. Bundred, (2003). Finger and toe ratios in humans and mice: implications for the aetiology of diseases influenced by HOX genes. Med

Hypotheses. 60(3):340-343; W. Brown, C. Finn, & S. Breedlove, (2001). A sex difference in the digit length ratio in mice. Horm Behav. 39:325]. Although testosterone has ALK inhibitor drugs been implicated in the digit length ratios, the present study would suggest that androgens do not have a causal relationship with testosterone-dependent phenotypes [J. Manning, D. Scutt, J. Wilson, & D. Lewis-Jones, (1998). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and. concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen. Hum Reprod. 13(11):3000-3004; J. Manning, & P. Bundred, (2000). The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: A new predictor of disease predisposition?. Med Hypotheses. 54(5):855-857; J. Manning, R. Trivers, D. Singh, & R. Thornhill, (1999). The mystery of female beauty. Nature. 399:214-215]. The attribution of nature (i.e. genetic) and nurture (i.e. environment) in the development of life (i.e.