3%, OR 5.4, 95%CI 1.3-23.2, P = 0.027; carboplatin 33.3 versus 9.2%, OR 4.9, 95%CI 1.4-17.6, P = 0.038. There were no differences in the proportion of EDR to taxanes between the two groups. On the contrary, recurrent cases showed an increased proportion of EDR to paclitaxel compared to primary cytoreductive surgery without prior chemotherapy: recurrent versus primary, paclitaxel 33.3 versus 21.1%, OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.0-3.5, P = 0.031. There were no differences in the proportion of EDR for platinum and docetaxel between the two groups. Among recurrent cases, there was statistical significance between

this website proportion of paclitaxel EDR and time interval of initial and recurrent surgeries (R (2) 0.143, P = 0.011). Recurrent surgery after 5 years from initial cytoreduction was significantly associated with

increased proportion of EDR to paclitaxel: 61.5 versus 22.6%, OR 5.5, 95%CI 1.35-22.2, P = 0.011.

Platinum resistance was common after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, while paclitaxel resistance was common after postoperative chemotherapy.”
“Study Design. Retrospective clinical and radiologic review of consecutive series of patients treated with single submuscular growing rods from a single center with a minimum of 2-year follow-up.

Objectives. To describe the surgical technique and methods used to minimize complications and to report on the outcomes of a large consecutive series of patients treated with single submuscular growing rods for

scoliosis in the immature spine from a single center.

Summary of Background Data. Previous studies see more have reported on the safety and efficacy of single and dual growing-rod constructs; however, these studies have been of small patient numbers with varying results.

Methods. Between 1999 and 2007, 88 patients underwent the insertion of a single, submuscular growing-rod construct for scoliosis. A clinical and radiologic review of these 88 consecutive patients with a minimum of 2-year follow-up Capmatinib was conducted. Diagnoses include idiopathic, neuromuscular, syndromic, and congenital. Data include Cobb angle measurements, T1-S1 heights, number, and frequency of lengthening as well as complications.

Results. The patients underwent single submuscular growing-rod insertion at an average age of 7.0 years. The mean follow-up period was 42 months. Twenty-eight patients had a simultaneous apical fusion. Growing-rod lengthening was performed on an average at 9-month intervals. The average initial Cobb angle was 73 degrees (range: 40-117) and improved to 44 degrees (range: 9-90) at final follow-up. T1-S1 height gain was 3.37 cm; this translates to 1.04 cm growth/yr. No significant difference was noted between those who had undergone apical fusion and those without.

More than 80% activity was recovered

when the log P value of organic solvents were from 1.8 to 3.5, whereas in methanol ethanol, and 1-butanol the residual activity was 35%, 36%, and 42%, respectively. However, when n-decane, octane, isooctane. and heptane, of which the log P values are equal to or more than 4.0 were added, the activities of the proteases was enhanced. This organic solvent-stable protease could be used as a biocatalyst for peptide synthesis in organic media. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved”
“Objectives/Aim LY2603618 nmr The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of topically applied ketamine or tramadol on early postoperative pain scores in children undergoing tonsillectomy. The secondary aim of the study is to assess nausea, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, and sore throat characteristics

of the patients. Background Tonsillectomy surgery is frequently associated with postoperative pain, which usually requires substantial consumption of analgesics including opioids. Safe and effective post-tonsillectomy pain control is still a clinical dilemma, in spite of the use of various surgical and anesthetic techniques. Methods A total of 60 children, aged between 4 and 10years, scheduled for tonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Study drugs were administered to both tonsillar fossae for 5min. In 5ml artificial saliva, Group K (n=20) received 0.4ml (20mg) ketamine and Group T (n=20) received 0.8ml tramadol HCl solution. Group C (n=20) received only 5ml saline as a control. Ramsay Sedation SNS-032 in vitro Scale and FACES PRS Score, nausea, vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, and sore throat were

evaluated. Results There was no difference among the groups in terms of baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and ASA profile (0.05 for LDN-193189 all). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO2) values were not significantly different among the groups in all time points (0.05 for all). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups according to Ramsay Sedation Scales in 40th minute (P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences among the groups in terms of Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale Score in all time points (P<0.004 for all). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of rescue analgesia necessity in 5th and 10th minute (P<0.001 and P=0.003). There was a statistically significant difference among the groups in terms of sore throat in 5th and 10th minute (P<0.001 for both). Neither rescue analgesia necessity nor sore throat characteristics was different between the Group T and Group K in all time points. Conclusion Topical tramadol and ketamine seem to be safe, effective, and easy analgesic approach for decreasing tonsillectomy pain.

“
“Background: Transcatheter microwave ablation is a novel technique for treating cardiac arrhythmias.

Methods: We investigated the effects of catheter temperature, application duration, and antenna length on lesion dimensions during catheter-based microwave ablation. In a swine thigh muscle preparation, microwave was delivered at targeted temperatures of 60 degrees C (n = 18), 70 degrees C (n = 27), 80 degrees C (n = 43), or 90 degrees C (n = 18) for 120 seconds with 10-mm antenna;

and at targeted temperatures of 80 degrees C for 120 seconds (n = 22), 150 seconds (n = 18), 180 seconds (n = 18), 210 seconds (n = 18), and 240 seconds (n = 17) with 20-mm antenna using 10 F catheter (MedWaves, San Diego, CA, USA) during parallel orientation. Conventional radiofrequency ablation (RF) using a SB-715992 chemical structure 4-mm tip electrode was performed as control.

Results: With 120-second energy applications,

Selisistat in vivo lesion length and depth were significantly larger with targeted temperatures of 80 degrees C and 90 degrees C than 60 degrees C (P < 0.05). Furthermore, lesion depth and width, but not length, were significantly increased by prolonging energy application duration from 120 to 240 seconds at targeted temperature of 80 degrees C (P < 0.05). Compared to RF, microwave lesions were significantly longer but had comparable depth and width. A 20-mm microwave antenna produced longer lesions than either a 10-mm antenna or RF ablation catheter. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that targeted temperature >= 80 degrees C, application duration >= 150 seconds, and use of 20-mm antenna were independent predictors for lesion depth and width (P < 0.05). Surface dessication was observed in 4/18 (22%) lesions at 90 degrees C, as compared with 1/136 (0.7%) at 80 degrees C targeted tip temperature check details (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that lesions size with transcatheter microwave ablation can be controlled by adjusting targeted temperature, energy application duration, and antenna length. A targeted temperature of 80 degrees C for more than 150 seconds should

provide optimal lesion dimensions and lower risk of surface dessication or charring.

(PACE 2009; 32:201-208).”
“Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is known to be caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) gene. We report an infant with transient neonatal hypercalcemia who was found to be homozygous for a polymorphism at A986S of the CaSR.”
“BACKGROUNDIn this work, the electrolysis of dimethyl phthalate (DMP, a widely-use plasticizer) with conductive-diamond anodes is studied.

RESULTSResults show that this technology is capable of depleting this pollutant in a wide range of initial concentrations. Although mass transfer limits the kinetics of the process, there is a significant contribution of mediated oxidation and the rate of the processes improve with increasing current density, while the efficiency decreases.

The domains most frequently identified included ‘knowledge’, ‘beliefs about consequences’ and ‘environmental context and resources’. Healthcare professionals’ weight management practice had the most barriers compared with any other area of maternal obesity practice. The results of this review will be used to inform the development of an intervention to support healthcare professional behaviour change.”
“OSA is the result of structural and functional abnormalities that promote the repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. This common disorder

is estimated to occur in approximately 4% of men and 2% of women, with prevalence studies from North America, Australia, Europe and Asia indicating HSP990 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor that occurrence is relatively similar across the globe. Anatomical factors, such as obesity and craniofacial morphology, are key determinants of the predisposition to airway collapse; however, their relative importance for OSA risk likely varies between ethnicities. Direct inter-ethnic studies comparing craniofacial phenotypes in OSA are limited. However, available data suggest that Asian OSA populations primarily display features of craniofacial skeletal restriction, African Americans display more obesity and enlarged upper airway soft Selleckchem Entinostat tissues, while Caucasians show evidence of both bony and soft tissue abnormalities. Our recent comparison of Chinese and Caucasian OSA patients

found for the same degree of OSA severity. Caucasians were more obese, and Chinese had more skeletal restriction. However, the ratio of obesity to craniofacial bony size (or anatomical balance, an important determinant of upper airway volume and OSA risk) was similar between Caucasians and Chinese OSA patients. Ethnicity appears

to influence OSA craniofacial phenotype but furthermore the relative contribution of the anatomical factors underlying OSA risk. The skeletal restriction craniofacial phenotype may BIRB 796 be particularly vulnerable to increasing obesity rates. Better understanding of craniofacial phenotypes encompassing ethnicity may help improve OSA recognition and treatment; however, further studies are needed to elucidate ethnic differences in OSA anatomical risk factors.”
“Membranous nephropathy (MN) post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a rare complication with few long-term outcome data. We describe the clinical course and outcome of an adult female patient who developed MN after allogeneic HSCT for follicular non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. MN was treated with methylprednisolone as first-line therapy, then she was changed to rituximab for a relapse. After treatment with rituximab, we observed a progressive decrease of proteinuria and normalization of serum albumin. Seven months after treatment, she remains in remission. No adverse reactions to rituximab were observed throughout follow-up.

“
“SETTING: A cohort of 78 adolescents was selected for evaluation with culture or histologically proven pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) from a tertiary paediatric facility in northern Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess

the validity of clinical features and radiographic findings for predicting positive smears of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in adolescents with PTB.

DESIGN: A retrospective descriptive study of adolescents with a confirmed diagnosis of PTB. Clinical symptoms and chest radiographs were selleck chemicals llc assessed. Univariate analysis identified risk factors suggestive of a positive AFB smear, and the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for these features was calculated using logistic regression.

RESULTS: Compound C chemical structure Patients who were AFB smear-positive and those who were smear-negative differed significantly on cough, haemoptysis, multilobar or superior segment of lower lobe involvement, cavitations or presence of pleural effusions. Logistic regression analysis revealed that risk factors of positive smear in adolescents with PTB were chronic cough

>4 weeks (aOR 13.8, 95%CI 2.3-83.1), lower lobe involvement (aOR 12.6, 95%CI 1.21-34.8) and pulmonary cavitations (aOR 7.7, 95%CI 1.0-57.7).

CONCLUSIONS: For adolescents with PTB, those suffering from chronic cough for >4 weeks, with involvement of the superior segment of the lower lobe or with cavitary lesions, have a greater likelihood of transmitting find more tuberculosis due to smear positivity.”
“To show the radiological results of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients treated with posterior fusion using all-pedicle-screw construct with correction carried out using a convex rod reduction

technique.

Between October 2004 and June 2007, 42 AIS patients were treated with posterior fusion using all-pedicle-screw construct with correction done through the convex side. Two patients were lost to follow-up and were not included in the study. Forty patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients were evaluated for the deformity correction in coronal and sagittal planes and for spinal balance.

The mean preoperative Cobb angle of the major curve and secondary minor curves was 60A degrees and 41A degrees, respectively. Immediate postoperative mean Cobb angle of the major curve and secondary minor curves was 17A degrees and 13A degrees, respectively. Postoperative 2-year average major curve loss of correction was 7 %. Postoperative 2-year average minor curve loss of correction was 5 %. Preoperative thoracic kyphosis of 28A degrees was changed to 22A degrees in 2-years follow-up. The loss of thoracic kyphosis was most noted in hyperkyphotic patients.

The correction of AIS by convex-sided pedicular screws yields a coronal correction comparable to what is described in the literature for segmental concave-sided screws.”
“SETTING: National Reference Laboratory, Benin.

90; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.99).

Conclusions: Our data do not support a protective role of black tea against

CAD. The limited data available on green tea support a tentative association of green tea consumption with a reduced risk of CAD. However, additional studies are needed to make a convincing case for this association. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:506-15.”
“Determination of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction strengths in a particular sample remains a challenge even today. In this article, we investigate the possibilities of measuring the absolute values of these interaction strengths by calculating persistent charge and spin currents in a mesoscopic AZD6738 ring. Our numerical results can be verified experimentally. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3632060]“
“Low socioeconomic factors may influence the development of stress urinary incontinence see more (SUI). Thus far, there is little research available on SUI in developing countries. We aimed to determine whether the prevalence of SUI in a northeastern Brazilian municipality was higher or lower than in the general female population.

Cross-sectional household cluster study of 1,180 climacteric women in the So Luis municipality (Maranho

state, Brazil) was conducted using a standardized questionnaire that was previously tested Smoothened Agonist chemical structure in a pilot study and administered by interviewers to obtain socioeconomic and cultural information, climacteric aspects, and life habits related to SUI.

From this population, 15.34% (n = 181) had SUI; this prevalence did not change with age. More than half (57.92%) of the patients replied that they had not consulted a physician for their SUI. The presence of SUI was not associated with any socioeconomic or gynecological variables after multivariate

analysis.

The prevalence of SUI in So Luis was similar to the rates observed in the general global female population. Socioeconomic and gynecological variables were not associated with SUI.”
“Purpose: The aim of the present systematic review is to investigate the accuracy of computer programs in predicting soft tissue response Subsequent to skeletal changes after orthognathic surgery.

Materials and Methods: A systematic computerized database search was conducted using Ovid Medline, Ovid Medline in-process and other nonindexed citations, all EBM reviews (including Cochrane DSR, ACP journal, DARE, CCTR), Embase Experta Medica, Pascal, and Thomsen’s ISI Web of Science databases. The terms orthognathic surgery, orthodontic treatment, computer prediction, computer Simulation, growth prediction, accuracy, precision, forecast, and human Studies were used for the searches.

Results: Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that the independent predictors of mortality in AF patients were age, renal insufficiency, a history of stroke, heart rate, incremental QRS prolongation (P = 0.0418), and the absence of warfarin use. Patients with QRS prolongation > 15 ms had a worse prognosis than those with QRS prolongation <= 15 ms (P = 0.0019).

Conclusions:

A progressive increase in QRS duration predicted a poor prognosis in patients with AF in our study. A prospective study is needed to substantiate the prognostic value of QRS prolongation in AF patients. (PACE 2009; 32: 1388-1394)”
“Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic factors and limitations of anatomic unconstrained shoulder arthroplasty, performed without tuberosity osteotomy, for the treatment Bucladesine mw of secondary glenohumeral BV-6 price arthritis following posttraumatic cephalic collapse or necrosis of the humeral head, defined as type-1 fracture sequelae.

Methods: Fifty-five patients with type-1

fracture sequelae treated with anatomic shoulder arthroplasty were included in this retrospective single-center cohort study. All anatomic humeral prostheses were implanted without performing a greater tuberosity osteotomy. Glenoid resurfacing was performed in forty-four patients (80%). Clinical and radiographic analysis was performed at a mean of fifty-two months (range, twenty-four to 180 months) postoperatively.

Results: Four reoperations (7%) were performed, including two revisions in patients

who required glenoid resurfacing because of glenoid erosion after hemiarthroplasty. At the time of the latest follow-up, 93% of patients were satisfied or very satisfied, and the mean Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) was 81%. There were significant improvements in the mean buy Alisertib Constant score (from 32 to 69 points), active anterior elevation (from 88 to 141), external rotation (from 6 degrees to 34 degrees), and internal rotation (from the buttock to L3). Significantly poorer results were associated with proximal humeral deformity in varus and with fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles. Patients with proximal humeral deformity, specifically varus or valgus malunion of the greater tuberosity, had a mean Constant score that was 10 points lower and active elevation that was almost 20 less than patients with no such deformity. The poorest results were observed in patients with varus malunion.

Conclusions: Our study confirmed that the outcomes of anatomic shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of type-1 fracture sequelae are good and predictable when deformation of the proximal humerus is acceptable(i.e., when no greater tuberosity osteotomy is necessary). The results were negatively affected by proximal humeral varus deformity and by fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff on imaging studies.

PCOS is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease

of reproductive-age women and PCOS patients are predisposed to an androgen adiposity phenotype, characterized by a prevalent fat accumulation in the abdominal area, and by insulin resistance. PCOS women are exposed to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors from a young age, and therefore PCOS patients might represent a high-risk group for developing early-onset CVD. Early signs of CVD have been reported in PCOS patients and correlated to the amount of visceral fat. Visceral fat might represent a new prognostic and therapeutic target to define the cardiovascular risk profile and prevent CVD in PCOS patients.”
“The reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum were assessed via ultrasonography in 10 healthy female calves before, during and 2 h after feeding hay and grass silage. The evaluations were made using an check details ultrasound machine with a 5.0 MHz linear transducer. The reticulum could be visualized before feeding in all selleckchem the calves. Its appearance and pattern of contractions were similar to those in adult cattle, although the amplitude (5.2 +/- 1.06 cm) and velocity (3.5 +/- 1.42 cm/s) of the first contraction were markedly less than in adult cattle. The position and size of the entire rumen including

the dorsal and ventral sacs and the ruminal contents were assessed. Except for its smaller size, the ultrasonographic appearance of the omasum of calves was similar to that of adult cattle. The abomasum was seen to the left and right of the ventral midline before feeding in all calves; it occupied considerably

more space on the left than the right. Compared with its appearance before feeding, the ultrasonographic appearance of the rumen, omasum and abomasum did not change during or after feeding. Ultrasonography is an ideal imaging tool for evaluating the reticulum, rumen, omasum and abomasum before, during and after feeding in calves. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi is transmitted in the forests of Southeast Asia. Symptomatic zoonotic knowlesi Selleck AZD5153 malaria in humans is widespread in the region and is associated with a history of spending time in the jungle. However, there are many settings where knowlesi transmission to humans would be expected but is not found. A recent report on the Ra-glai population of southern central Vietnam is taken as an example to help explain why this may be so.”
“PPAR gamma is a ligand-activated nuclear receptor mainly expressed in white and brown adipose tissues where it controls adipocyte differentiation, metabolism, adipokine secretion and survival. PPAR gamma is specifically and potently activated by thiazolidinediones, a class of synthetic agonists that, owing to their beneficial effect on whole-body insulin sensitivity, are widely used in the treatment of insulin-resistant states, such as Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Elemental sulfur is insoluble in water and accumulates in the packing material in biotrickling filters, increasing the pressure drop and operating costs. A set of mass transfer tests was performed in a versatile pilot plant to supply the necessary oxygen for the biological oxidation of H2S. The plant can be operated with three different commercial gasliquid contactor devices: a venturi ejector, a jet-venturi and a diffuser. The effects of different geometric www.selleckchem.com/products/azd8186.html and operating parameters have been tested for each device (including pressure rise and sulfate

content to mimic real wastewater treatment plant conditions). RESULTS: Results showed that the bioreactor pressure has a strong influence on the mass transfer characteristics of the three oxygenation devices. In addition, the ionic strength of the solution has a low influence on the mass transfer process. The SOTE values obtained for the diffuser, jet-venturi and venturi ejector were 8.7%, 7.2% and 6.0%, respectively (pure water experiments), while SAE values were in the range 6.35.5

x 10(-2), 4.1-4.8 x 10(-1) and 3.1-3.7 x 10(-1) kg O-2 kW(-1) h(-1), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The jet-venturi offers the best oxygen transfer with lower power consumption compared with the diffuser and venturi ejector. The practical implementation of the most efficient aeration technology is possible from both technical and economical perspectives. Copyright

(c) 2012 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Introduction: selleck chemicals Pendrin is an integral membrane protein and plays a key role in extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure control. We aimed to investigate the relationship between pendrin immunostaining intensity in normal and pre-eclamptic placental tissue.

Methods: Fifty-six placental tissues, of which 26 were in pre-eclamptic, and 30 were in control group were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Positive immunostaining was evaluated using a semiquantitative score: 0, negative; +, mild; ++, moderate; and +++, intense.

Results: There was more positive immunstaining in the pre-eclamptic placenta compared to the controls (p<0.001). A significant positive correlation was observed between buy RO4929097 immunostaining level and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.533, p = 0.005) in the pre-eclamptic group. However, no significant correlation was observed between any condition and immunostaining level in the control group.

Conclusions: Placentas in the pre-eclamptic group were significantly more immunostained with pendrin than were those in the control group. In addition, a positive correlation between immunostaining intensity with pendrin and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed. Pendrin may play a role in the mechanism of severe hypertension in women with pre-eclampsia.

After 2 months FFA and handling alone (i.e. no MS), the amplitude of vibrissal whisking in WT-mice decreased to 22 +/- 3 degrees. In the FGF-2(-/-) mice, the amplitude was reduced further to 15 +/- 4 degrees, that is, function was significantly poorer. Functional deficits were mirrored by increased selleckchem polyinnervation of NMJ in WT mice (40.33 +/- 2.16%) with polyinnervation being increased further in FGF-2(-/-) mice (50.33 +/- 4.33%). However, regardless of the genotype, MS increased vibrissal whisking amplitude (WT: 33.9 degrees +/- 7.7; FGF-2(-/-): 33.4 degrees +/- 8.1) and concomitantly reduced polyinnervation (WT: 33.9%+/- 7.7; FGF-2(-/-):

33.4%+/- 8.1) to a similar extent. We conclude that, whereas lack of FGF-2 leads to poor functional recovery and target reinnervation, MS can nevertheless confer some functional benefit in its absence. (C) 2011

IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“RNA silencing is a potent mechanism of antiviral defense response in plants and other organisms. For counterdefense, viruses have evolved a variety of suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) that can inhibit distinct steps of a silencing pathway. We previously identified Pns10 encoded by Rice dwarf phytoreovirus (RDV) as a VSR, the first of its kind from double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses. In this study we investigated the mechanisms of Pns10 function in suppressing systemic RNA silencing in the widely used Nicotiana benthamiana model plant. We report that Pns10 suppresses local and systemic RNA silencing triggered by sense mRNA, enhances viral replication and/or viral RNA stability in inoculated leaves, accelerates the

systemic CH5183284 nmr spread of viral infection, and enables viral invasion of shoot apices. Mechanistically, Pns10 interferes with the perception of silencing signals in recipient tissues, binds double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNAs) with two-nucleotide 3′ overhangs, and causes the downregulated expression of RDR6. These results significantly deepen our mechanistic understanding of the VSR functions encoded by a dsRNA virus and contribute additional evidence that binding siRNAs and interfering with RDR6 expression are broad mechanisms of VSR functions encoded by diverse groups of viruses.”
“Background

Clinical trials www.selleck.cn/products/idasanutlin-rg-7388.html have established the efficacy of ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In addition, bevacizumab is used off-label to treat AMD, despite the absence of similar supporting data.

Methods

In a multicenter, single-blind, noninferiority trial, we randomly assigned 1208 patients with neovascular AMD to receive intravitreal injections of ranibizumab or bevacizumab on either a monthly schedule or as needed with monthly evaluation. The primary outcome was the mean change in visual acuity at 1 year, with a noninferiority limit of 5 letters on the eye chart.

Results

Bevacizumab administered monthly was equivalent to ranibizumab administered monthly, with 8.0 and 8.