Hmong, Khmu and Tai-Lao were the main ethnic

groups in these villages (Chazee 1999; M. Roberts, personnal communication 2010). Table 1 Characterization of the different study sites (livelihoods, ethnic groups, population, distance to protected area, distance to infrastructure and markets) Villages Ethnic group Population Livelihood Altitude (m) Direct distance to protected areas (km) Direct distance to district markets (in km) Phadeng-(Phoukong) Hmong 285 (235) Farming based on upland rice, NTFP collection, gardens, livestock 960 2 15 Muangmuay Khmu and Tai-Lao 972 Farming based on upland rice, irrigated rice field, NTFP collection, gardens, cash crop plantations, livestock 490 7 28 Bouammi- Vangmat Khmu and Tai-Lao 354 Farming based on upland rice, NTFP collection, gardens, find more cash crop plantation, livestock 510 3 26 Donkeo Khmu 378 Farming based on upland rice, NTFP collection, gardens, plantation, livestock 820 6 24 Vangkham Khmu 263 Farming based on upland rice, NTFP collection, gardens, plantation, livestock 470 9 30 Houaykhone Khmu 338 Farming based on upland rice, NTFP collection, gardens, livestock 530 5 30 Paklao Khmu 414 Farming based on upland rice, NTFP collection, gardens, plantation, livestock 530 4 24 Information in this table was

collected during the Landscape Mosaics project and the CGIAR-Canada Linkage Fund (CCLF) project, funded by CIDA Fig. 1 Map of Muangmuay Village Cluster, District of Viengkham, Province Ivacaftor in vivo of Luang

Pabrang, Lao PDR Local livelihoods are mainly based on slash-and-burn cultivation of upland rice, irrigated rice fields (i.e. Muangmuay), fruit and vegetable gardens and livestock (e.g. cattle, pigs, chickens). In order to eradicate shifting cultivation, the local government has supported villagers’ efforts in planting Carteolol HCl cash crops such as teak (Tectona grandis), eaglewood (Aquilaria crassna) and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). In some villages, fish is an important food and source of cash income (when the village is not far from a market). NTFPs also play an important role in Viengkham’s development. Countrywide, their commercial value may reach US$ 7–8 million a year, reflecting the expanding small and medium-scale processing industries. It is estimated that in rural areas NTFPs, at the household level, are annually worth about US$ 300 (NAFRI, NUOL, SNV 2007). In Viengkham, dependency on forest products varied according to the villages’ location. Some of the most valuable NTFPs have been domesticated or are in a process of domestication, for example, pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), broomgrass (Thysanolaema maxima), peuak meuak (Boehmeria malabarica), and paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) (Weyerhaeuser et al. 2010). NTFP domestication tends to occur in villages located far from valuable forest resources or where tenure improves the resource security.

These vastly larger numbers suggest that the revised estimates will be much more reliable, especially among younger men and women. The 2006

NIS rates for the oldest age group are somewhat greater than the Olmsted County figures, but this likely reflects a shift to older average ages within the 85+ age group due to secular demographic changes in the underlying population [26]. Finally, the more recent overall 2006 NIS rates are 16% lower than RG7420 comparably age- and sex-adjusted NIS rates from 2001 (4.31 per 1,000), reflecting the ongoing decline in hip fracture incidence observed nationally [22–25]. US-FRAX will use the 1-year age intervals for hip fracture, a significant improvement in accuracy over the previous 5-year age data (John IWR-1 Kanis, May 11, 2009, personal communication). The major impact of the change in base hip fracture incidence will be among younger women and men, where hip fracture probability

estimates could be up to 40% lower than those currently produced by US-FRAX. Table 1 Estimated annual hip fracture incidence (per 1,000) comparing current and revised rates Age-group Olmsted County, MN, 1989–1991 [21] National Inpatient Sample, 2006 Rate No. of fractures Rate No. of fractures Women 50–54 0.66 5 0.29 2,197 55–59 0.83 5 0.57 3,992 60–64 1.65 9 1.05 5,679 65–69 2.21 11 2.03 8,690 70–74 2.75 12 3.94 14,578 75–79 8.61 33 7.93 27,488 80-84 18.38 57 14.47 42,322 85+ 24.88 85 26.05 82,383

Subtotal 5.37a 217 4.97a 187,339 Men 50–54 0.40 3 0.28 2,062 55–59 0.32 2 0.38 2,528 60–64 0.81 4 0.66 3,333 65–69 1.89 8 1.18 4,510 70–74 1.60 5 2.10 6,462 75–79 5.34 12 4.02 10,355 Resveratrol 80–84 5.97 8 8.13 14,724 85+ 15.01 16 16.30 23,060 Subtotal 2.10a 58 2.09a 67,034 Total 3.86b 275 3.64b 254,373 aIncidence per 1,000 directly age-adjusted to the 2006 US non-Hispanic white population bIncidence per 1,000 directly age- and sex-adjusted to the 2006 US non-Hispanic white population Fig. 1 a, b Comparison of hip fracture incidence rates ( ) to the incidence of any one of four (hip, spine, forearm, or humerus) major osteoporotic fractures ( ) among non-Hispanic white men (a) and non-Hispanic white women (b) by single year of age (smoothed data) US-FRAX 10-year major osteoporotic fracture probability Because hip fractures represent the minority of osteoporotic fractures [29], a focus on hip fractures alone could be misleading for high-risk younger individuals whose 10-year risk relates more to spine and wrist fractures. Consequently, FRAX® also estimates the patient’s 10-year likelihood of any one of four major osteoporotic fractures (4 fracture risk: proximal femur, clinical vertebral, distal radius, or proximal humerus fractures), and some revisions in those calculations were indicated as well.

The application of self-assembly technology has been extended to surface science during the last two decades. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are highly ordered organic molecular aggregates that are chemisorbed on surfaces with the thickness of a single molecule [1–6]. The conjugate organic SAMs can provide all the ingredients to create new hybrid materials with novel functionalities out

of the scope of traditional solid-state devices. This class of molecules exhibits very interesting electronic and magnetic properties such as electron transport by charge injections through different molecular orbitals (MO) [7]. Modification Selleckchem AUY-922 of the conjugate SAMs by electron beam allows fabrication of the crosslinked aromatic SAM [8, 9]. Low-energy electrons are necessary to create a

crosslinked molecular network. The basic means to form molecular crosslinking is cleavage of the CH bond by the impact of the electrons on the molecular backbone. This phenomenon, for low-energy electrons, dissociative electron attachment (DEA), is generated by the attachment of electrons on the Rydberg states of the molecules, depending on the characteristics of the excitation states in which the electrons are located. This excitation can result in one of two dynamics: (i) simple electron relaxation or (ii) bond rupture that engenders crosslinking phenomena. Modern Midostaurin in vitro high-energy electron beam lithography allows the crosslinking many of the aromatic molecules and the fabrication of sheets of nanometer size, which also provides evidence that the aromatic self-assembled monolayer acts as a negative electron resist with a high-energy electron beam [8, 9]. Metallization of SAMs to design top electrodes is a subject of long-standing interest. Many applications can be found in everyday life. This subject has attracted great attention recently because of interest

in organic electronics and light emitting diodes [10]. Metal diffusion into the SAM can drastically alter the properties of the SAM, finally ruining the device because of the formation of filaments or during the evaporation process by which SAMs are chemically altered. Two factors can play an important role in avoiding metal diffusion through SAMs: (i) the quality of the SAM and (ii) the quality of the metal substrate on which a homogeneous surface is put. The current flowing through junctions composed of assemblies of molecules depends on the energy gap separating the Fermi levels of the electrodes and the valence band of the molecules. A redox-active center (Ni) has been incorporated into the organic backbones to improve the charge-transfer processes. Different studies of molecular redox center immobilized on metallic substrate indicate them as good conductors [11].

17 F Blunt body – tail Pancreatic stent, no operation Nothing [13] Canty TG Sr et al. 9 F Blunt body Pancreatic stent, no operation Mild stricture [14]   8 M Blunt tail Pancreatic stent, no operation Nothing   Wolf A et al. 24 F Blunt head – body Pancreatic stent, no operation Nothing [15] Lin BC et al. 37 F Blunt head Surgical drainage → Pancreatic stent Migration [16]   36 M Blunt body – tail Surgical drainage → Pancreatic stent Severe stricture     61 F Blunt body Pancreatic stent → Distai pancreatectomy Death     18 M Blunt body Pancreatic

stent, no operation Severe stricture     28 M Blunt head Pancreatic stent, no operation Mild stricture   Huckfeldt R et al. 27 F Blunt head Pancreatic stent, Small molecule library no operation Nothing [17] Abe T et al. 43 M Blunt head Pancreatic

stent, no operation Mild stricture [18] Bagci S et al. 21 M Blunt body Pancreatic stent, no operation Mild stricture [19] Cay A et al. 11 M Blunt body Pancreatic stent, no operation Nothing [20] Hsieh CH et al. 36 M Blunt head, body (2sites) Pancreatic stent, no operation Slight excavation [21] Hashimoto A et al. 60 M Blunt head Pancreatic stent, no operation Nothing [22] Houben CH et al. 11 M Blunt head (neck) Pancreatic stent → Cyst-gastrostomy not described [23]   11 F Blunt body Pancreatic stent → Cyst-gastrostomy click here not described     9 M Blunt head (neck) Pancreatic stent, no operation not described   Bendahan J et al. 22 M Penetrating head Surgical drainage → Pancreatic stent Nothing [24] Rastogi M et al. 28 M Penetrating head Surgical drainage → Pancreatic stent Nothing [25] Kim HS et al. 46 M not described head Pancreatic stent, no operation Mild stricture in 2 of 3 patients [9]   35 M not described pancreas fracture Pancreatic stent, no operation       40 F not described body Pancreatic stent, no operation     In our case, CT revealed disruption of the

pancreatic parenchyma at the time of admission. Fortunately the patient’s hemodynamic status was stable, and we could successfully perform the endoscopic procedure. We considered that the ENPD tube was correctly 4��8C placed to drain the pancreatic juice and to avoid stent migration, dropping out, and occlusion. Although the patient could avoid more invasive surgery in the acute phase, she developed the complication of pancreatic stricture as a result of the healing process. This procedure may lead to rapid clinical improvement and enable surgery to be avoided. On the other hand, the reported complications of long-term follow-up make the role of stenting uncertain. Thus, close attention should be paid to stenting management in the follow-up period. Conclusion Pancreatic stent is useful for pancreatic ductal injury.

75 vol.% of TiO2 nanoparticles for several temperatures is reported, finding significant deviations from the additive rule [25] for the samples with volume fractions higher than 0.5 vol.%. Nevertheless, as pointed out above, few studies were focused on the thermophysical or rheological behavior of TiO2/EG nanofluids [3, 14, 15]. Fan et al. [3] determined the thermal conductivity at 303 K for the concentrations 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 wt.% (corresponding respectively Bortezomib to 0.10, 0.43, and 0.86 vol.%) for TiO2/EG nanofluids and their corresponding viscosity in the shear rate range of 1

to 3,000 s−1, confirming a Newtonian behavior and the expected increase of viscosity with nanoparticle concentration. Chen et al. [14] have also found a Newtonian behavior for TiO2/EG nanofluids containing 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 wt.% spherical nanoparticles at 293.15 to 333.15 K and a relative viscosity dependent on particle concentration in a non-linear manner without

www.selleckchem.com/products/abc294640.html temperature dependence. On the other hand, Lee et al. [15] have determined temperature-independent thermal conductivity enhancements up to 16% for 5.5 vol.% TiO2/EG nanofluids constituted by nanoparticles with rutile and anatase phases. On the other hand, to our knowledge, no evidence on non-Newtonian behavior for TiO2/EG nanofluids, or studies about their volumetric behavior, including densities, isothermal compressibility, and isobaric thermal expansivity

coefficients, have been reported so far in the literature. Hence, there is a key need to address this issue. Methods Homogeneous and stable suspensions were prepared by dispersing dry TiO2 nanoparticles in pure EG. Two types of TiO2 powder, corresponding to the pure nanocrystalline anatase and rutile phases, whose descriptions are shown in Table 1, were employed. Although rutile is the stable phase for bulk TiO2, the colloidal phase preparation methods for TiO2 generally favor the anatase structure [26, 27]. Both types of nanoparticles were supplied by SkySpring Nanomaterials, Inc. (Houston, TX, USA) with a reported average size of 10 to 30 nm for rutile and 10 to 25 nm for anatase, with a chemical purity of 99.5% for both cases, while ethylene Dichloromethane dehalogenase glycol with a mass purity of 99.5% was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). With the aim to characterize the morphology of these nanomaterials, both types of TiO2 nanoparticles were characterized using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique, obtaining the images with a JEOL JSM-6700 F field emission gun-SEM (Akishima-shi, Japan) operating at an acceleration voltage of 20 kV in a backscattering electron image (yttrium aluminum garnet-type detector). This device incorporates an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) spectrometer that was used to chemically characterize the samples.

Briefly, 20 μL of each sample was added to 5 μL reducing SDS PAGE sample buffer (Pierce, UK) and boiled for 5 minutes to denature the protein. Samples were then analysed by SDS PAGE using a 5% stacking gel and 15% resolving gel. After electrophoresis, gels were placed in a fixative solution (40% methanol, 15% acetic acid) and then stained with Brilliant Blue G (Sigma, UK). V8 protease samples were incubated on ice with 100 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride for 30 minutes prior to SDS PAGE in order to minimise self-digestion. The expected molecular masses of the V8 protease and α-haemolysin were given as 29 kDa and 33 kDa respectively, as specified

by the manufacturer. Statistical analysis Data are expressed as means ± standard error. The results of the azocasein hydrolysis assay and sphingomyelinase assay were analysed using check details the univariate ANOVA test with Bonferroni MI-503 analysis. The results from the lethal photosensitisation of EMRSA-16 were analysed using the Mann Whitney U test. For both statistical analyses, a P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For photosensitiser dose experiments, the P values refer to samples in the absence of light versus irradiated samples. For light dose experiments, the P values refer to samples in the absence of methylene blue

versus samples irradiated in the presence of methylene blue. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Ondine Biopharma Inc. for funding this work. References 1. Alekshun MN, Levy SB: Commensals upon us. Biochem Pharmacol 2006,71(7):893–900.CrossRefPubMed 2. Gould IM: The clinical

significance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2005,61(4):277–282.CrossRefPubMed 3. Casey AL, Lambert PA, Elliott TSJ: Staphylococci. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007,29(Supplement 3):S23-S32.CrossRefPubMed 4. Health Progesterone Protection Agency: Surveillance of healthcare associated infections report: 2008. London: Health Protection Agency 2008. 5. Lowy FD:Staphylococcus aureus infections. N Engl J Med 1998,339(8):520–532.CrossRefPubMed 6. Elston DM: Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007,56(1):1–16.CrossRefPubMed 7. Foster TJ: The Staphylococcus aureus “”superbug”". J Clin Invest 2004,114(12):1693–1696.PubMed 8. Gould IM: Costs of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its control. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006,28(5):379–384.CrossRefPubMed 9. Arvidson S, Tegmark K: Regulation of virulence determinants in Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Microbiol 2001,291(2):159–170.CrossRefPubMed 10. Dinges MM, Orwin PM, Schlievert PM: Exotoxins of Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000,13(1):16–34.CrossRefPubMed 11.

Nature 2006,443(7112):709–712.PubMedCrossRef 9. Taniguchi N, Taniura H, Niinobe M, Takayama C, Tominaga-Yoshino K, Ogura A, Yoshikawa K: The postmitotic growth suppressor necdin interacts with a calcium-binding protein (NEFA) in neuronal cytoplasm.

J Biol Chem 2000,275(41):31674–31681.PubMedCrossRef 10. Islam A, Adamik B, Hawari FI, Ma G, Rouhani FN, Zhang J, Levine SJ: Extracellular TNFR1 release requires the calcium-dependent formation of a nucleobindin 2-ARTS-1 JAK drugs complex. J Biol Chem 2006,281(10):6860–6873.PubMedCrossRef 11. García-Galiano D, Navarro VM, Gaytan F, Tena-Sempere M: Expanding roles of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in neuroendocrine regulation. J Mol Endocrinol 2010,45(5):281–290.PubMedCrossRef 12. Kalnina Z, Silina K, Bruvere R, Gabruseva N, Stengrevics A, Barnikol-Watanabe S, Leja M, Line A: Molecular characterisation and expression analysis of SEREX-defined antigen NUCB2 in gastric epithelium, gastritis and gastric cancer. Eur J Histochem 2009,53(1):7–18.PubMed 13. Suzuki S, Takagi K, Miki Y, Onodera Y, Akahira J, Ebata A, Ishida T, Watanabe M, Sasano H, Suzuki T: Nucleobindin 2 in human breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic factor. Cancer Sci 2012,103(1):136–143.PubMedCrossRef 14. Filella X, Alcover J, Molina R: Active surveillance in prostate cancer:

the need to standardize. Tumor Biol 2011,32(5):839–843.CrossRef 15. Carlsson J: Potential for clinical radionuclide-based imaging and therapy of common cancers Inhibitor Library high throughput expressing EGFR-family receptors. Tumor Biol 2012,33(3):653–659.CrossRef 16. Kazma R, Mefford JA, Cheng I, Plummer SJ, Levin AM, Rybicki BA, Casey G, Witte JS: Association of the innate immunity and inflammation pathway with advanced prostate cancer risk. PLoS One 2012,7(12):e51680.PubMedCrossRef Alanine-glyoxylate transaminase 17. Tassidis H, Brokken LJ, Jirström K, Bjartell A, Ulmert D, Härkönen P, Wingren AG: Low expression of SHP-2 is associated with less favorable prostate cancer outcomes. Tumor Biol 2013,34(2):637–642.CrossRef 18. Pinto A,

Merino M, Zamora P, Redondo A, Castelo B, Espinosa E: Targeting the endothelin axis in prostate carcinoma. Tumor Biol 2012,33(2):421–426.CrossRef 19. Baetke SC, Adriaens ME, Seigneuric R, Evelo CT, Eijssen LM: Molecular pathways involved in prostate carcinogenesis: insights from public microarray datasets. PLoS One 2012,7(11):e49831.PubMedCrossRef 20. Carroll PR: Early stage prostate cancer-do we have a problem with over-detection, overtreatment or both? J Urol 2005,173(4):1061–1062.PubMedCrossRef 21. Ribeiro R, Monteiro C, Cunha V, Oliveira MJ, Freitas M, Fraga A, Príncipe P, Lobato C, Lobo F, Morais A, Silva V, Sanches-Magalhães J, Oliveira J, Pina F, Mota-Pinto A, Lopes C, Medeiros R: Human periprostatic adipose tissue promotes prostate cancer aggressiveness in vitro. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012, 31:32.PubMedCrossRef 22.

Jor173 Spices + + + BB + ND + + + + + + Crono. Jor174 Anise + + + BB + ND + + + + – +* Crono. Jor175 Spices + + + BB – - + + + + + + Crono. Jor176 Thyme + + + BB + ND + + – - – +* Crono. Jor183 Spices + + + BB + ND + + + + + + Crono. Jor204 Liquorice + + + BB + – + + + + + + Crono. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor review Jor146A Liquorice + + + BB + ND + + + + + + Crono. Jor178 Chamomile + + + BB + ND + + + + – + Crono. Jor52 Sage + + + Y/Gr – ND – - – - – -*# Crono. Jor170 Fennel + + + Gray – ND – - – + -

– Crono. Jor184 Spices + + + Y/Gr## – ND + + + + + – Crono. Total +   31 31 31 28 25 2 28 27 26 28 21 28   $On EsPM, colonies were blue black (BB) in chromogenic reaction color within 24 h at 37°C. €The PCR conditions for BAM primers as described in Table 1 were used for amplification of both regions of the zpx gene as described by Kothary et al. [13]. Analysis of the Cronobacter and non-Cronobacter strains was performed in a similar fashion. ¥ Vacuum dust. ND§: not determined. * Multiple bands. *#, PCR product was approximately (400 bp) and sequence was found not to be zpx. ##Colonies were blue black (BB) after three days at 37°C. £ Crono; Cronobacter

spp. Table 6 Presumptive Cronobacter spp. as appeared through testing the isolates by biochemical profiling (API20E), chromogenic (α-MUG, DFI, EsPM) and eight sets of Cronobacter spp- specific primers (α-gluA, α-gluB, SG, SI, Saka, OmpA, zpx and BAM), while confirmed as non-Cronobacter spp. by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Isolate         PCR Primers   ID Source find more API 20E α-MUG DFI EsP M α-GluA α-GluB SG SI Saka OmpA zpx BAM€ 16S rRNA Jor20A Spices + – - Clear – ND + + – - + – N.Crono Jor27 Chamomile + – - Y& – ND + + – - + – N.Crono Jor45 Sugar + – - Gray – ND + + – - + – N.Crono Jor115A Dates + + NG@ Y/Gr – ND – - – - + – N.Crono Jor115B Dates + + NG@ Y/Gr – ND – - – - + -*# N.Crono Jor51 Dry dairy + + + Y/Gr## – Niclosamide ND + + – - + – # N.Crono Jor153B Semolina + + + BB – - + + – - + – N.Crono Jor26 Rice + – - BB – - + + – - + + N.Crono Jor100 Semolina + – - BB + ND + + – - + + N.Crono Jor103 Spices + – - BB + ND + + – - + + N.Crono Jor109 Grapes + – - BB + ND + + – - + + N.Crono Jor168 Spices

+ – - BB – - + + – - + + N.Crono Jor151 Fennel + + + BB – + – - – - + + N.Crono Total +   13 5 3 7 3 1 10 10 0 0 13 6   €The PCR conditions for BAM primers as described in Table 1 were used for amplification of both regions of the zpx gene as described by Kothary et al. [13]. * multiple bands. *#, PCR product was approximately (400 bp) and sequence was found not to be zpx. & Y, yellow colony chromogenic reaction color, 24 h at 37°C. Gr, green colony chromogenic reaction color, 24 h at 37°C. @ NG; no growth on DFI at 37°C. ##Colonies were blue black (BB) after three days at 37°C. N. Corono; None Cronobacter spp. Table 7 Summary of the performance of the biochemical, chromogenic and PCR methods for Cronobacter spp. identity confirmation.

In the supplementary materials, Table S5 highlights examples of lion populations showing differences between the major population assessments and compares them to the most recent data used for this analysis. These estimates all used different methodologies. This precludes direct comparison and conclusions on temporal

trends. While the estimates are broadly similar, there is much evidence of population decline and little to support any population increases. We do not discuss trends in lion numbers, densities, demographic indicators such as altered sex-ratios and ranging behaviour, or the impacts of trophy hunting on these factors (Yamazaki 1996; Loveridge et al. 2007; Packer et al. 2009; Davidson et al. 2011). We should consider, however, the spatial distribution of lions and how this has changed. Figure 5 shows the lion areas across the selleck African continent by their respective size class. Currently 27 countries across Africa contain resident populations of free-ranging lions (Fig. 4; Table S1). Five countries have lost their lions since Chardonnet’s study in 2002 or did not have them. Only nine countries contain at least 1,000 lions; Central African Republic, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Botswana, and possibly Angola. Tanzania alone contains over 40 % of Africa’s lions. Fig. 5 Population

size classes of all lion areas When the IUCN (2006b) assessed lion range in West and Central Africa, they noted 20 LCUs in the region. Henschel et al. PD0325901 mouse (2010) found that more than half (11) of these LCUs most likely no longer contain lions. Bauer (2006) noted lion population declines in several national parks in West and Central Africa. We find that 18 LCUs have lost their lions since 2006, with the greatest losses occurring in West and Central Africa (Supplemental materials, Table S3). All of these extirpations came from populations of fewer than 50 Interleukin-3 receptor lions, and all but one (Nazinga-Sissili) were classified by the IUCN as having declining populations (IUCN 2006a, b). Strongholds Finally, we asked how many of these lions are in “strongholds?”

We will elaborate on the definition in the “Discussion” section. Given our simple criteria, 10 lion areas qualify. Four of these are in East Africa and six in Southern Africa (Table S1). These strongholds span eight countries, contain roughly 19,000 lions in protected areas alone (more than 50 % of the remaining lions in Africa), and over 24,000 lions in the entire lion areas as delineated. No areas in West or Central Africa qualify. Seven additional lion areas are potential lion strongholds, which contain nearly 4,400 lions (Table S1). These include two populations in West and Central Africa. The only remaining regions with potentially large numbers of lions that could act as future lion strongholds are Angola, Somalia, and the western half of South Sudan.

On the other hand, the agents that block α1 and α2-adrenergic receptors (selectively or not) belong to the sympatholytics (adrenolytics), i.e., agents inhibiting the sympathetic nervous system: imidazoline derivatives (phentolamine,

tolazoline) block both types of α receptors, derivatives of piperazinchinazolin (prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin) block selectively α1 receptors, ergot alkaloids block predominantly α2 receptors, and yohimbine blocks selectively α2 receptors. Blocking agents of α-adrenergic receptors are most commonly used as cardiovascular drugs: α1-blockers as antihypertensive drugs, α2-blockers as hypertensive ones; ergot alkaloids have a contractive effect on the uterus, PD0325901 molecular weight but their hydrogenated derivatives are devoid of this activity, improving peripheral blood. Non-specific α-blockers accelerate the heart rate, dilate peripheral vessels, increasing selleck inhibitor the contractility of intestines and secretory activity of gastric mucosal (Schmitz et al., 1981; Robinson and Hudson, 1998; Fitzpatrick et al., 2004). Over time, agonists and antagonists of adrenoceptors have become the subject of a number of works in the field of molecular modeling, lipophilicity, and structure–activity as well as 3D QSAR (Eric et al., 2004; Balogh et al., 2007, 2009; Nikolic et al., 2008; Zhao et al., 2011; Yadav et al., 2013). Timmermans and co-workers have published interesting series of papers about agonists and antagonists

of adrenoceptors in order to characterization

and classification of selected molecules (Timmermans et al., 1981, 1984; Timmermans and Van Zwieten, 1982). In one of these papers (Timmermans et al., 1984), the authors have considered hypotensive and hypertensive activity relationships of α-adrenomimetics and experimentally determined logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient, log P, and also experimentally determined binding GNE-0877 affinity to α1 and α2 receptors. Obtained by the authors, relationships according to the activity and logarithm of the partition coefficient were unsatisfactory. More preferably shown themselves to be the relationships in term of binding affinity (R > 0.9). For α-adrenolytics, authors presented relationships according to indexes of α1/α2 adrenoceptor antagonist selectivity in vivo and indexes of α1/α2 adrenoceptor antagonist of pre and postsynaptic selectivity in vivo considering selectivity indexes of binding of α1/α2 adrenoreceptor to the corresponding ones (R > 0.9). The objective of the presented study was to analyze the biological activity data (Timmermans et al., 1984), the parameters of binding affinity to the α1 and α2 receptors together with parameters of the logarithm of the partition coefficient n-octanol/water (log P) using semi-empirical calculations methods (Bączek, 2006; Bodzioch et al., 2010) for isolated molecules (in vacuo) and the for the molecules placed in an aqueous environment.