The aim in sustainability science of fostering a coherent interdisciplinary system of research planning and practice has given less room for research rooted in the social sciences and humanities that calls the basic assumptions of modern society

into question. It can, therefore, be argued that global sustainability challenges cannot be understood or solved solely in the natural, medical or engineering sciences; equal efforts must be devoted to examining the challenges from other ontologies and epistemologies. In this article, and unlike most emerging initiatives in the field, we suggest an approach that tangibly incorporates social science dimensions into sustainability science research. We proceed from Robert Cox’s (1981) conceptual distinction Ilomastat PD173074 molecular weight between problem-solving and critical research and aim at finding new ways of integrating knowledge across the natural and social divides, as well as between critical and problem-solving research. The knowledge integration will be accomplished by developing

a generic research platform with flexible methods that can be used for studying any combination of major sustainability challenges, such as: climate change; biodiversity loss; depletion of marine fish stocks; land degradation; land use changes; water scarcity; and global ill-health owing to neglected tropical diseases and the major epidemics of malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS (Hotez et al. 2007). Throughout the article, we discuss themes, frames and concepts that can help to structure sustainability science. Sorafenib manufacturer To exemplify

specifically how research can be organised using the approach, a brief example from the Lund University Centre of Excellence for Integration of Social and Natural Dimensions of Sustainability (LUCID) is provided in “A LUCID example”. Old social problems and new sustainability challenges There is ample social research on structural transformation, institutional shifts and systemic transition. Economists, geographers, historians and sociologists have depicted, documented and discussed how societies struggle over centuries to overcome long-standing social problems like hunger, disease, poverty and violation of human rights. Narratives on social {Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleck Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Selleckchem Anti-infection Compound Library|Selleckchem Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library|buy Anti-infection Compound Library|Anti-infection Compound Library ic50|Anti-infection Compound Library price|Anti-infection Compound Library cost|Anti-infection Compound Library solubility dmso|Anti-infection Compound Library purchase|Anti-infection Compound Library manufacturer|Anti-infection Compound Library research buy|Anti-infection Compound Library order|Anti-infection Compound Library mouse|Anti-infection Compound Library chemical structure|Anti-infection Compound Library mw|Anti-infection Compound Library molecular weight|Anti-infection Compound Library datasheet|Anti-infection Compound Library supplier|Anti-infection Compound Library in vitro|Anti-infection Compound Library cell line|Anti-infection Compound Library concentration|Anti-infection Compound Library nmr|Anti-infection Compound Library in vivo|Anti-infection Compound Library clinical trial|Anti-infection Compound Library cell assay|Anti-infection Compound Library screening|Anti-infection Compound Library high throughput|buy Antiinfection Compound Library|Antiinfection Compound Library ic50|Antiinfection Compound Library price|Antiinfection Compound Library cost|Antiinfection Compound Library solubility dmso|Antiinfection Compound Library purchase|Antiinfection Compound Library manufacturer|Antiinfection Compound Library research buy|Antiinfection Compound Library order|Antiinfection Compound Library chemical structure|Antiinfection Compound Library datasheet|Antiinfection Compound Library supplier|Antiinfection Compound Library in vitro|Antiinfection Compound Library cell line|Antiinfection Compound Library concentration|Antiinfection Compound Library clinical trial|Antiinfection Compound Library cell assay|Antiinfection Compound Library screening|Antiinfection Compound Library high throughput|Anti-infection Compound high throughput screening| change and the persistence of old problems are, thus, abundant. Recently, science has identified new or escalating geo-bio-physical phenomena and processes with deep social impacts; these include biodiversity loss, land use change, water scarcity and climate change. There is a fundamental difference in the dynamics between old social problems and such new sustainability challenges. Extant problems like hunger, disease and poverty have been experienced and dealt with in isolation by people as well as collectively by society over millennia.

0 × 105 3.0 × 103 ± 1.1 TSA HDAC nmr × 103

  T1 5.6 × 106 ± 1.4 × 105 3.8 × 106 ± 1.3 × 106 2.0 × 106 ± 1.0 × 106 1.8 × 103 ± 1.7 × 103 10 T0 1.0 × 108 ± 1.8 × 107 7.0 × 107 ± 4.5 × 107 7.7 × 105 ± 7.6 × 105 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 3.3 × 108 ± 7.7 × 107 4.3 × 107 ± 2.5 × 107 1.3 × 106 ± 1.2 × 106 3.2 × 103 ± 2.7 × 103 11 T0 4.1 × 106 ± 7.5 × 105 1.2 × 106 ± 2.5 × 105 5.1 × 105 ± 4.1 × 105 6.0 × 102 ± 3.8 × 102   T1 3.4 × 107 ± 6.2 × 105 3.1 × 107 ± 1.0 × 107 7.8 × 105 ± 7.7 × 105 1.7 × 104 ± 3.1 × 103 12 T0 3.4 × 105 ± 7.6 × 104 7.5 × 102 ± 3.0 × 101 1.7 × 107 ± 1.1 × 107 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 1.3 × 106 ± 7.0 × 105 2.0 × 105 ± 9.3 × 104 5.8 × 105 ± 5.6 × 105 3.6 × 103 ± 6.4 × 102 13 T0 3.5 × 107 ± 1.6 × 106 1.2 × 107 ± 2.6 × 105 1.8 × 105 ± 1.0 × 105 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 2.3 × 107 ± 3.8 × 106 4.6 × 106 ± 4.4 × 105 2.5 × 105 ± 1.8 × 105 1.8 × 102 ± 4.3 × 101 14 T0 1.1 × 107 ± 6.9 × 105 2.3 × 106 ± 1.6 × 106 1.1 × 106 ± 1.8 × 105 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 5.4 × 107 ± 1.7 × 107 1.0 × 107

± 6.5 × NSC23766 mw 106 7.2 × 105 ± 6.4 × 105 3.0 × 102 ± 3.0 × 101 15 T0 6.1 × 107 ± 7.4 × 106 1.7 × 107 ± 8.3 × 106 3.9 × 105 ± 2.9 × 105 1.8 × 101 ± 1.6 × 101   T1 2.5 × 107 ± 5.3 × 106 1.0 × 107 ± 5.8 × 106 2.5 × 105 ± 2.2 × 105 3.2 × 102 ± 1.4 × 102 16 T0 1.3 × 109 ± 4.5 × 108 4.0 × 107 ± 1.2 × 107 2.0 × 106 ± 1.1 × 106 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 1.3 × 109 ± 2.0 × 108 2.2 × 107 ± 3.8 × 106 1.0 × 106 ± 8.2 × 105 8.3 × 102 ± 1.4 × 101 17 T0 1.6 × 107 ± 1.6 × 106 5.0 × 106 ± 3.2 × 106 1.3 × 107 ± 2.9 × 106 1.3 × 102 ± 1.1 × 102   T1 2.2 × 107 ± 1.9 × 106 4.0 × 106 ± 2.7 × 106 1.5 × 107 ± 2.0 × 105 6.6 × 102 ± 9.5 × 101 18 the T0 1.1 × 105 ± 3.1 × 106 1.4 × 103 ± 4.4 × 102 3.1 × 107 ± 2.7 × 107 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 3.7 × 105 ± 8.9 × 104 1.7 × 105 ± 7.3 × 104 3.0 × 106 ± 1.2 × 106 6.5 × 102 ± 1.2 × 102 19 T0 5.2 × 107 ± 1.7 × 107 4.3 × 105 ± 1.8 × 105 2.5 × 106 ± 1.9 × 106 0.0 ± 0.0   T1 2.0 × 107 ± 8.0 × 106 1.5 × 105 ± 9.4 × 104 2.0 × 106 ± 1.5 × 106 0.0 ± 0.0 20 T0

6.6 × 106 ± 5.2 × 106 4.4 × 106 ± 2.2 × 106 1.0 × 107 ± 8.4 × 106 1.8 × 103 ± 2.6 × 102   T1 7.0 × 106 ± 3.3 × 105 5.5 × 106 ± 3.3 × 106 2.7 × 105 ± 2.6 × 105 0.0 ± 0.0 In order to assess the global impact of the functional food consumption on the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli populations, a statistical elaboration of the real-time PCR data was performed. The intake of the synbiotic food did not cause significant variations in the www.selleckchem.com/products/brigatinib-ap26113.html median value of Bifidobacterium (T0: 2.6 × 107; T1: 2.2 × 107), B.

Table 1 Reported cases of anorectal avulsion Authors Year Title Management of the anorectal avulsion Mathieson, A. J et al. 1965 Rupture of the posterior urethra and avulsion of the rectum and anus as a complication of fracture of the pelvis Primary repair + presacral drainage + CP673451 datasheet sigmoid loop colostomy Sharma D. et al 2000 Anorectal avulsion:

an unusual rectal injury Primary repair + presacral drainage + sigmoid loop colostomy Terrosu G. et al 2011 Anal avulsion caused GSK2126458 in vitro by abdominal crush injury Anal reimplantation + pelvic drainage tubes + loop transverse colostomy Rispoli C. et al. 2012 Anorectal avulsion: Management of a rare rectal trauma Direct suture not possible sigmoid loop colostomy + presacral drainage + anoperineal reparation 10 weeks later R. M. Gomesa et al 2013 Anorectal avulsion: report of a rare case of rectal injury diverting sigmoid loop colostomy (primary repair not possible) Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this Case report and any accompanying images. Authors’ information School of Medicine And Pharmacy of Fez, Sidi Mohammed MAPK inhibitor Ben Abdellah University Department of Surgery, University hospital HASSAN II, BP: 1893; Km2.200, Route de Sidi Hrazem; FEZ 30000, MOROCCO. Acknowledgements The authors

would like to thank the patient for his written consent and permission to present this case report. They would also like to thank Miss Ibn Majdoub Hassani Soukaina (Master : Multilingual Specialized Translation, Faculty of Arts and Humanities Sais-Fez /Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University) for her help in editing and correcting

this manuscript. References 1. Cintron JR: Colon and rectum trauma. http://​www.​fascrs.​org/​physicians/​education/​core_​subjects/​2006/​colon_​rectal_​trauma/​ 2. Mathieson AJM, Mann TS: Rupture of the posterior ID-8 urethra and avulsion of the rectum and anus as a complication of fracture of the pelvis. Brit J Surg 1965, 52:309.PubMedCrossRef 3. Sharma D, Rahman H, Mandloi KC, Saxena A, Raina VK, Kapoor JP: Anorectal avulsion: an unusual rectal injury. Digestive Surg 2000, 17:193–194. PubMed: 10781991CrossRef 4. Terrosu G, Rossetto A, Kocjancic E, Rossitti P, Bresadola V: Anal avulsion caused by abdominal crush injury. Tech in Coloproctology 2011, 15:465–468. [PubMed: 21556880]CrossRef 5. Rispoli C, Andreuccetti J, Iannone L, et al.: Anorectal avulsion: management of a rare rectal trauma. Int J Surg Case Rep 2012, 3:319–321.PubMedCrossRef 6. Gomesa RM, Kudchadkara J, Araujob E, Gundawarc T: Anorectal avulsion: report of a rare case of rectal injury, letter to the editor. Ann Gastroenterology 2013, 26:1. 7.

In lactating women, pPTH, p1,25(OH)2D and pβCTX concentrations were or tended to be (P ≤ 0.1) higher than in NPNL women (Table 1; Figs. 1–3). Table 1 Subject characteristics and baseline values of markers of calcium,

phosphate and bone HDAC inhibitors cancer metabolism   Pregnant Lactating Non-pregnant, non-lactating n = 10 n = 10 n = 10 Subject characteristics Age (years) 29.7 ± 2.2 27.3 ± 2.0 27.6 ± 2.2 Weight (kg) 62.5 ± 3.6 59.4 ± 2.8 55.8 ± 2.4 Height (m) 1.62 ± 0.02 1.65 ± 0.01 1.59 ± 0.02 Parity 4.6 ± 0.8 (1–8)1 3.6 ± 0.78 (1–7)1 3.0 ± 0.9 (0–7)1 Gestation/post-partum (weeks) 32.6 ± 0.5 14.2 ± 0.20 − pCr(mmol/L) 59.2 ± 1.5NL 70.3 ± 2.9 74.0 ± 2.5 pAlb (g/L) 25.5 ± 0.8NL 36.7 ± 0.91 34.1 ± 0.65 Hb (g/L) 11.2 ± 0.38NL 13.2 ± 0.57 13.0 ± 0.35 p25(OH)D (nmol/L) 59.7 ± 3.8 63.2 ± 5.1 70.4 ± 4.6

Markers of renal mineral handling TmCa/GFR (mmol/L GFR) 2.31 ± 0.20 2.39 ± 0.15 2.15 ± 0.15 TmP/GFR (mmol/L GFR) 1.25 ± 0.06 1.42 ± 0.08 1.18 ± 0.09 Values are given as mean ± SE or when indicated1 as range (min–max) Cr creatinine, Hb haemoglobin, 25(OH)D 25(OH) vitamin D, p plasma, TmCa/GFR the renal calcium threshold, TmP/GFR the renal threshold for phosphate Letters are used to indicate significant between-group differences in baseline values as tested by ANOVA/Scheffé (P ≤ 0.05); N significantly different to non-pregnant and non-lactating women; L significantly different to lactating women Fig. 1 Baseline (black) and response (grey) of total Wnt inhibitor plasma calcium Pitavastatin (Ca; a), ionized Ca (b), phosphate (P; c), parathyroid hormone (PTH; d), nephrogenic cAMP (NcAMP; e) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D; f) to calcium loading in pregnant, lactating and non-pregnant and non-lactating women. Data are presented as mean + SE. Asterisk is used to indicate significant within-group differences compared to baseline as tested with Interleukin-2 receptor paired t tests. Letters are used to indicate significant between-group differences in baseline values as tested by ANOVA/Scheffé (P ≤ 0.05); N significantly different to non-pregnant and non-lactating women; L significantly different to lactating women.

Circumflex accent tendency to be significantly different as tested by ANOVA/Scheffé (P ≤ 0.10); No significant between-group differences in the change of any of these analytes were found There was a consistent pattern of uCa/Cr, Cae and Pe to be lower in pregnant and lactating than in NPNL and of pP, uP/Cr and TmP/GFR to be higher in pregnant women, although this did not reach statistical significance. Post-Ca loading Concentrations of iCa and ptCa significantly increased and pPTH, NcAMP and pβCTX decreased in all groups (Figs. 1–3). Only in pregnant women was there a significant decrease in pP and an increase in p1,25(OH)2D.

2008a). In particular, experiments on the magnetic field dependence (Prakash et al. 2005a, 2006), with different NMR cycle delays (Diller et al. 2007a) and with time-resolution using flash laser (Daviso et al. 2008b) allowed for deeper insight. In these studies, it has been demonstrated that up to three mechanisms are involved to build up photo-CIDNP under continuous illumination, which may run in parallel. In all mechanisms the break of the balance of the opposite nuclear spin populations in the two decay branches of the radical pair states (Fig. 2) leads to net steady-state nuclear polarization, which is detected in the NMR experiment. In time-resolved photo-CIDNP MAS NMR experiments, transient nuclear

polarization, Selleck Dactolisib due to the different kinetics on the two decay channels of the radical pair (see below), may occur additionally Entospletinib cost (Daviso et al. 2008b). This phenomenon, however, will not be discussed further in the present review. Fig. 2 The mechanisms of photo-CIDNP production in natural RCs of Rb. sphaeroides WT and R26 as established for high-field conditions. From the photochemically excited donor, P*, an electron is transferred to the primary acceptor Φ, a bacteriopheophytin. The radical pair (P+•Φ−•) is initially in a pure CHIR98014 cost singlet state and highly electron polarized. Due to hyperfine interaction,

the radical pair is oscillating between a singlet and a T0 triplet state. During intersystem crossing (ISC), electron polarization is transferred to nuclei by three-spin mixing (TSM). Back-ET from the singlet state of the radical pair leads to the electronic ground-state. Back-ET from the triplet state of the radical pair leads to the donor triplet (3P) state. In the differential decay (DD) mechanism, net photo-CIDNP is produced by different contributions of the two spin states of the spin-correlated radical pair to the spin evolution. In RCs having a long lifetime

of the donor triplet, 3P, as in R26, the differential relaxation (DR) mechanism occurs since nuclear spin relaxation is significant on the triplet branch, causing incomplete cancellation of nuclear polarization Osimertinib concentration of both branches Initially, the spin-correlated radical pair is formed in a pure singlet state and it is, therefore, highly electron polarized (Fig. 2). This electron polarization can be observed by EPR as photo-CIDEP. There are two transfer mechanisms which transfer this electron polarization to nuclear polarization: (i) Electron–electron–nuclear three-spin mixing (TSM) breaks the balance of the two radical pair decay channels by spin evolution within the correlated radical pair state depending on the signs of the electron–electron and of the electron–nuclear interactions (Jeschke 1997, 1998). This process occurs during ISC in solids. In contrast to Overhauser cross relaxation, it is a coherent process that relies on anisotropy of the hyperfine (hf) coupling.

Champion OL, Gaunt MW, Gundogdu O, Elmi A, Witney AA, Hinds J, Dorrell N, Wren BW: Comparative phylogenomics of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AG-014699.html jejuni reveals genetic markers

predictive of infection source. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:16043–16048.PubMedCrossRef 7. Feodoroff B, Ellström P, Hyytiäinen H, Sarna S, Hänninen ML, Rautelin H: Campylobacter jejuni isolates in Finnish patients differ according to the origin of infection. Gut Pathog 2010, 2:22.PubMedCrossRef 8. Muraoka WT, Zhang Q: Phenotypic and genotypic evidence for L-fucose utilization by Campylobacter jejuni. J Bacteriol 2011, 193:1065–1075.PubMedCrossRef 9. Hofreuter D, Novik V, Galán JE: Metabolic diversity in Campylobacter jejuni enhances specific tissue colonization. Cell Host Microbe click here 2008, 4:425–433.PubMedCrossRef 10. Parkhill J, Wren BW, Mungall K, Ketley JM, Churcher C, Basham D, Chillingworth T, Davies RM, Feltwell T, Holroyd S, Jagels K, Karlyshev AV, Moule S, Pallen MJ, Penn CW, Quail MA, Rajandream MA, Rutherford KM, van Vliet AH, Whitehead S, Barrell BG: The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences. Nature 2000, 403:665–668.PubMedCrossRef 11. Richardson PT, Park SF: Enterochelin acquisition in Campylobacter coli: characterization of components of a binding-protein-dependent transport system. Microbiology 1995, 141:3181–3191.PubMedCrossRef 12. Grant

KA, Belandia IU, Dekker N, Richardson PT, Park SF: Molecular characterization of pldA, the structural

gene for a phospholipase A from Campylobacter coli, and its contribution to cell-associated hemolysis. Infect Immun 1997, 65:1172–1180.PubMed 13. Parker CT, Gilbert M, Yuki N, Endtz HP, Mandrell RE: Characterization of lipooligosaccharide-biosynthetic loci of N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase Campylobacter jejuni reveals new lipooligosaccharide classes: evidence of mosaic organizations. J Bacteriol 2008, 190:5681–5689.PubMedCrossRef 14. Parker CT, Horn ST, Gilbert M, Miller WG, Woodward DL, Mandrell RE: Comparison of Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis loci from a variety of sources. J Clin Microbiol 2005, 43:2771–2781.PubMedCrossRef 15. Hotter GS, Li IH, French NP: Binary genomotyping using lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis genes distinguishes between Campylobacter jejuni isolates within poultry-associated multilocus sequence types. Epidemiol Infect 2010, 138:992–1003.PubMedCrossRef 16. Revez J, Rossi M, Ellström P, de Haan C, Rautelin H, Hänninen ML: Finnish Campylobacter jejuni Strains of Multilocus Sequence Type ST-22 Complex Have Two Lineages with Different mTOR inhibitor Characteristics. PLoS One 2011, 6:e26880.PubMedCrossRef 17. Pickett CL, Auffenberg T, Pesci EC, Sheen VL, Jusuf SS: Iron acquisition and hemolysin production by Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 1992, 60:3872–3877.PubMed 18. van Vliet AH, Ketley JM, Park SF, Penn CW: The role of iron in Campylobacter gene regulation, metabolism and oxidative stress defense. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2002, 26:173–186.PubMedCrossRef 19.

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ferredoxin and NADH synergistically: a new perspective on anaerobic hydrogen production. J Bacteriol 2009,191(13):4451–4457.PubMedCrossRef 88. Shaw AJ, Hogsett DA, Lynd LR: Identification of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase responsible for hydrogen generation in Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum and demonstration of increased ethanol yield via hydrogenase knockout. J Bacteriol 2009,191(20):6457–6464.PubMedCrossRef 89. Payot S, Guedon E, Gelhaye E, Petitdemange H: Induction of lactate production associated with a decrease in NADH cell content enables growth resumption of Clostridium cellulolyticum in batch cultures on cellobiose. Res Microbiol 1999,150(7):465–473.PubMedCrossRef 90. Desvaux M, Guedon E, Petitdemange H: Metabolic flux in cellulose batch and cellulose-fed continuous cultures of Clostridium cellulolyticum in response

to acidic environment. Microbiology 2001,147(Pt 6):1461–1471.PubMed 91. Friedrich Fedratinib supplier B, Buhrke T, Burgdorf T, Lenz O: A hydrogen-sensing multiprotein complex controls aerobic hydrogen metabolism in Ralstonia eutropha. Biochem Soc Trans 2005,33(Pt 1):97–101.PubMed 92. Kleihues L, Lenz O, Bernhard M, Buhrke GPX6 T, Friedrich B: The H(2) sensor of Ralstonia eutropha is a member of the subclass of regulatory [NiFe] hydrogenases. J Bacteriol 2000,182(10):2716–2724.PubMedCrossRef 93. Pei J, Zhou Q, Jiang Y, Le Y, Li H, Shao W, Wiegel J: Thermoanaerobacter spp. control ethanol pathway via transcriptional regulation and versatility of key enzymes. Metab Eng

2010,12(5):420–428.PubMedCrossRef 94. Blumenthal M, Johnson MK, Johnson EJ: Distribution of heat labile and heat stable inorganic pyrophosphatase. Can J Microbiol 1967,13(12):1695–1699.PubMedCrossRef 95. Ding YR, Ronimus RS, Morgan HW: Thermotoga maritima phosphofructokinases: expression and characterization of two unique enzymes. J Bacteriol 2001,183(2):791–794.PubMedCrossRef 96. Robinson JR, Sagers RD: Phosphotransacetylase from Clostridium acidiurici. J Bacteriol 1972,112(1):465–473.PubMed 97. Willquist K, Zeidan AA, van Niel EW: Physiological characteristics of the Vorinostat purchase extreme thermophile Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus: an efficient hydrogen cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 2010, 9:89.PubMedCrossRef 98. Heinonen JK, Drake HL: Comparative assessment of inorganic pyrophosphate and pyrophosphatase levels of Escherichia coli, Clostridium pasteurianum, and Clostridium thermoaceticum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988, 52:205–208.CrossRef Authors’ contributions TR, JAW, DBL, OVK, and RS conceived and designed the study.

Yet, utilization of sunflecks is restricted by photosynthetic induction, especially by limited

regeneration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate in the first minutes (Chazdon and Pearcy 1986a; Pons et al. 1992). During LL periods, the photosynthetic induction state is lost more quickly in fast-growing sun plants than in shade-tolerant understorey plants (Chazdon and Pearcy 1986a; Pons et al. 1992) although the initial rate of decrease can be comparable in different species of contrasting habitats (approx. −30 % in the first 5 min; selleck inhibitor Ögren and Sundin 1996). Consistent with such a limitation to utilize SSF for photosynthesis, we found lower ETR (Fig. 3), unchanged or slightly reduced carbohydrate accumulation (Fig. 4) and leaf expansion (Fig. 5) in Col-0 plants under the SSF conditions compared with C 50, despite the much higher (+70 % or +140 %) daily total irradiance. Because Arabidopsis is a typical open-field plant, the ability to utilize sunflecks find more may not be as vital as for forest understorey species. Instead, a major acclimatory response of Arabidopsis to SSF is characterized by the upregulation of the NPQ capacity (Fig. 1). The maximal NPQ levels rapidly increased in all plants during the SSF treatments,

which also Staurosporine resulted in faster light-induced NPQ formation, as indicated by the higher values already after 30 s in HL. While species may vary in their photosynthetic responses to sunflecks (Chazdon and Pearcy 1986b; Ögren and Sundin selleck products 1996; Watling et al. 1997a), SSF 1250/6 induced uniform upregulation of NPQ in all Arabidopsis accessions examined in the present study (Fig. 6). The analysis of photosynthetic pigments in Col-0, C24, and Eri (Fig. 8) further corroborates the highly conserved photoprotective responses in these plants. While the variations in the biochemical traits are mainly attributable to acclimation to light environment, the maximal NPQ level seems to be determined environmentally as well

as genetically (Table 1). This is in agreement with the finding in Arabidopsis by Jung and Niyogi (2009), namely the presence of two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for high NPQ (HQE1 and HQE2) and a poor correlation between intraspecific NPQ variations and the biochemical traits associated with NPQ. Reduction in leaf Chl content (Fig. 8a) is a typical symptom of HL acclimation in a wide range of species (e.g., Demmig-Adams and Adams 1992; Matsubara et al. 2009). When grown under constant HL, Arabidopsis plants accumulate less Chl but more PSII having smaller light-harvesting antennae compared to the plants in LL (Bailey et al. 2001; Ballottari et al. 2007; Kalituho et al. 2007), which results in higher Chl a/b. This tendency was observed in two out of the three accessions under SSF 1250/6 (Fig. 8b), whereas the V + A + Z amount relative to Chl increased invariably in all three accessions (Fig. 8c).

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