No animals challenged with PH or CCl4 died before they were sacrificed at the indicated timepoints, regardless of

their genotypes. The ratio of liver weight / body weight (LW/BW) was calculated to demonstrate the regeneration of residual liver after PH. From 36 hours to 5 days after PH, the ratio of LW/BW was significantly lower in HDAC1/2-knockout mice. At 7 days all the livers were completely reconstituted, although some livers of the HDAC1/2-deficient mice appeared to weigh less (Fig. 2A). At 24 hours after CCl4 treatment, many hepatocytes that showed eosinophilic degeneration were visible around the portal areas. At 36 hours a similar degree of tissue Selleck LDE225 damage, characterized by massive periportal

necrosis, was observed in mice of all genotypes. At 72 hours the livers of the wild-type mice had almost completely recovered; PLX4032 however, the livers of the HDAC1/2-deficient mice, especially the Hdac1−/−,2−/− mice, were not completely repaired. The livers of these animals did not completely recover until 7 days after CCl4 injection (Fig. 2B,C). We assessed hepatocyte proliferation in the regenerating livers. Active hepatocyte mitosis emerged in the mice of all genotypes from 36 hours and reached a peak at 48 hours after PH or CCl4 injection. However, pathological mitotic figures, including multipolar division and MCE公司 asymmetrical division, were observed substantially more frequently in the knockout mice, most notably in Hdac1−/−,2−/− mice, in which more than 10 defective mitotic figures were found per 1,000 hepatocytes (Fig. 3A,B). These

cells ruled out the possibility of dead cells for their prominent expression of phosphorylated histone H3 at Ser10 (p-H3S10), which appears specifically in M phase (Fig. 3C).[27, 28] We next counted the number of mitotic marker-positive cells at the indicated timepoints after PH or CCl4 treatment. No difference in the numbers of BrdU- or PCNA-positive cells was observed among the four genotypes (Supporting Figs. S1, S2). Surprisingly, however, Ki67, a mitotic marker normally expressed from mid-G1 phase to the end of mitosis, was decreased by ∼30%-70% in the Hdac1/2 knockout mice, especially in the Hdac1−/−,2−/− mice. Interestingly, a lack of Ki67 immunoreactivity, which was repeatedly confirmed with three different antibodies recognizing different epitopes of the Ki67 protein, was frequently observed in hepatocytes with abnormal mitosis (Fig. 3D,E; Supporting Fig. S3). Because HDAC1/2-knockout hepatocytes displayed similar BrdU uptake, we hypothesized that these hepatocytes would at least be able to enter the S phase of the cell cycle. We examined the expression of cell cycle markers in the regenerating livers after PH.

The mean contrast ratio values of inCoris TZI, Lava™, and Lava™ Plus High Translucency were significantly lower than those of Cercon® Base, Zeno®, and ZENO® Translucent at all

thicknesses. “
“Purpose: The purpose of this survey was to review the extraoral maxillofacial materials currently used as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the materials in the fabrication of facial prostheses. Results of this survey will enhance scientific knowledge, generate research study ideas, and possibly lead to production of alternative or new maxillofacial materials. Material and Methods: A 47-question survey was delivered via e-mail to all members (combined total of 260 members) of the American Anaplastology Association (AAA) and American Academy of Maxillofacial Prosthetics (AAMP) for evaluation of personal preference involving maxillofacial prosthetic materials (intrinsic/extrinsic find more silicone elastomers and pigments/colorants used, polymerization/curing process, advantages and disadvantages of the most often used materials, most important characteristic of material/technique used). Results: The views of 43 (16%) respondents indicated that the majority surveyed were using room temperature-vulcanized (RTV) silicone products. Silicone pigments for intrinsic

and silicone pastes for extrinsic coloring were favored over artist’s oil colors and dry earth pigments. The polymerization process and/or curing times and temperatures medchemexpress for the same silicone material varied between users. The top five advantages of most

often used materials Selleckchem Acalabrutinib were good esthetics, ease of coloring, easy manipulation, thin margins possible, and adhesive compatibility. The top five disadvantages were discoloration over time, technique-sensitivity, lack of repairability, extrinsic colors peel/fade, and lack of longevity. Nontoxic/nonallergenic materials with high edge strength and color stability were the most important features when choosing a maxillofacial prosthetic material/technique. Conclusions: The responses to this survey indicate that the majority of AAA and AAMP members are using or have used a variety of RTV silicones, pigments, and colorants in the quest to provide the best possible facial prosthetic service. Further research is needed to further refine and improve extraoral maxillofacial materials/techniques based on the results of this study. “
“This report presents a new use for rehabilitation protocol for oral sinus communications in patients with antiresorptive agent-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw. The treatment plan consisted of constructing an atraumatic complete denture with rounded edges, made with nontoxic resin, to prevent any injury to the mucosa and recurrence of the disease. The patient was followed up for 4 years, without any complications, and was socially reintegrated by resuming the normal life he experienced before tooth loss.

Despite these changes, hepatic Bmp6 messenger RNA expression remained unaltered. This prompted the authors to suggest that TS regulates hepcidin independently of LIC through Smad1/5/8 signaling downstream Ku-0059436 ic50 of Bmp6 by a mechanism that does not appear to involve HJV. In contrast, mice fed a 2% iron diet for up to 3 weeks exhibited increased serum iron, TS, and Hamp expression after 1 day, which plateaued thereafter, whereas LIC and Bmp6 expression

continued to increase over the 3 weeks of iron feeding. LIC correlated positively with Hamp and Bmp6 expression, whereas pSmad1/5/8 protein expression, which was increased at all time points, paralleled the increases in LIC and Bmp6 expression, consistent with previous studies.6, 7 In this setting (increasing LIC with high but stable serum iron levels), transcription of hepcidin was initiated through LIC, which promoted Smad1/5/8 signaling through induction of Bmp6 expression. Similarities were observed with regard to hepcidin expression induced by the differing TS- and LIC-induced pathways: TS was an independent predictor of Hamp

expression, inhibitory Smad7 expression paralleled changes in pSmad1/5/8 expression, and neither ERK nor interleukin-6 signaling was activated. These data suggested that Smad7 may be involved in a negative feedback regulation of hepcidin and iron-dependent regulation of hepcidin did not involve ERK–MAPK and interleukin-6–STAT3 RGFP966 chemical structure signaling. Moreover, TS was an important medchemexpress signal for hepcidin regulation in vivo, because it activated Hamp expression both in the absence and presence of increased LIC. It is curious that Corradini et al. did not observe an activation of ERK signaling by TS in their iron loading models as reported in other studies.19, 20 The importance of ERK activation in in vivo regulation of iron metabolism, however, is currently not known. Corradini et al. provide evidence for differential regulation of hepcidin by serum TS and liver iron.21 This is consistent with studies that have shown hepcidin regulation by exogenous

holotransferrin7 as well as increased LIC.6, 7 Liver iron signals predominantly through the BMP6–SMAD pathway to regulate hepcidin synthesis, as seen in iron overload conditions where high LIC induces BMP6 expression6, 7 and triggers downstream activation of the SMAD signaling cascade to stimulate hepcidin transcription. Thus, BMP6 acts as a signal transducer of liver iron stores. It is unclear whether the transcribed BMP6 then proceeds to further enhance BMP6–SMAD signaling through positive feedback regulation. Whereas TS also activates SMAD signaling, this occurs in the absence of hepatic BMP6 messenger RNA induction, suggesting that the regulation is independent of BMP6. TFR2 and HFE are, however, required in hepcidin induction by TS, because subjects with TFR2- and HFE-associated HH have an impaired hepcidin response to oral iron challenge.

In a retrospective study by Bae et al. [11] on 1007 Korean patients who underwent endoscopic resection for early GC between November 2004 and December 2008, rates of metachronous cancer in the H. pylori-negative, Alectinib cell line eradicated, and noneradicated groups were 10.9, 14.7, and 29.7 cases per 1000 person-years, respectively. The median time for metachronous recurrence was 18 months (range, 7–75 months). There were no significant differences in the recurrence rate and recurrence-free survival between the H. pylori-negative and eradicated groups, but the recurrence rate was significantly higher in the noneradicated than in the H. pylori-negative and eradicated groups.

The hazard ratios in the noneradicated group compared with the H. pylori-negative and eradicated groups were 2.5 (p < .01) and 1.9 (p = .02), respectively. On the basis of their results, the authors concluded that successful H. pylori eradication may reduce the occurrence of metachronous GC after endoscopic resection in patients with early GC. In a prospective,

randomized, open-label trial evaluating the effects of H. pylori eradication on the incidence of metachronous carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early GC, 901 consecutive Korean MI-503 patients with H. pylori infection who had been treated with endoscopic resection for gastric dysplasia or cancer from April 2005 to February 2011 were randomly assigned to a PPI-based triple therapy (20 mg omeprazole, 1 g amoxicillin, and 500 mg clarithromycin twice daily for 1 week) or no therapy [12]. Patients underwent endoscopic examination MCE公司 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment and then yearly thereafter. During a median follow-up period

of 3 years, 10 patients who received H. pylori eradication and 17 controls developed metachronous carcinoma; this difference was not significant (p = .15). The incidence of metachronous carcinoma between the two groups did not differ significantly at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years after administration of the therapy. There were no significant differences in the development of metachronous carcinoma among patients who were positive (n = 16) or negative (n = 11) for H. pylori infection (p = .32). Thus, in contrast to the previous retrospective study, in the prospective trial, eradication of H. pylori did not reduce the incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of gastric tumors. A multicentre retrospective cohort study from 12 hospitals aimed at elucidating the time at which multiple GCs develop and determining whether scheduled endoscopic surveillance might control their development [13]; 1258 Japanese patients with early GC (EGC) who underwent endoscopic submucosa dissection (ESD) with en bloc margin-negative curative resection from April 1999 to December 2010 were included. Synchronous cancer was classified as concomitant cancer or missed cancer. Follow-up endoscopy was performed every 6–12 months. Synchronous or metachronous multiple cancers were detected in 175 patients (13.

A precise forecast of the end point of chronic gastritis from a single set of biopsy specimens cannot be made. For example, one cannot say with any confidence whether a 30-year old patient with SCH772984 price a non-atrophic H. pylori gastritis will or will not progress to develop an atrophic gastritis, and if it were the case which morphological and topographical type (plus or minus intestinal metaplasia) might ensue decades later. Following the World Congress presentation and publication of the Sydney System some prominent American pathologists expressed their disquiet. They considered it a “European” enterprise. Correa and Yardley, and Rubin, criticized

the System in Gastroenterology18,19 for failing to take account of all the gastritides, and considered it was not a classification per se. However as already pointed out the goal of the Sydney

System was not to be a textbook of gastric pathology but designed to encourage a standard methodology for the reporting of the appearances of the H. pylori gastritis and its consequences. Following the American initiative, a new two-day consensus meeting was arranged in Houston in 1994, after which another consensus report, the “Up-Dated Sydney System”, was published in 1997 Peptide 17 molecular weight by Dixon, Genta and Correa.20 In practice, in our opinion, this up-dated system merely added the recommendation to include biopsies from the angulus of the stomach (the presence of intestinal metaplasia in the angulus may be an early sign of atrophic multifocal gastritis), and it provided a helpful “visual analogue scale” for the grading of the histological parameters (chronic inflammation, activity, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and H. pylori) that had been already listed in the original Sydney System. Both the original Sydney System and the Up-Dated version are still acceptable guidelines and are in use in many centers throughout the

world. medchemexpress Adoption of the guidelines in everyday practice has enhanced evidence-based medicine in understanding the dynamics and management of patients with chronic gastritis and highlighted the fact that the interpretation of gastric mucosal pathology by endoscopy alone is not reliable, and not good clinical practice. Current and future research in the field of chronic gastritis correlated with the biopsy appearances should permit a more accurate forecast of outcome than is possible with the Sydney System. For example, techniques that elucidate alterations in signaling pathways or changes in the molecular pathology of the gastric epithelium to be visualized on tissue sections may provide such tools. In addition a non-invasive approach might be through the assay of the various gastric biomarkers from tissue fluids and blood plasma.21 “
“We read with interest the article by Kotronen et al.

HCV RNA levels were higher in HIV-infected participants (6.73 log10 copies/mL) than in HIV-uninfected IDUs (6.40 log10 copies/mL; P < 0.0001). We also performed analyses stratified by HIV-1 infection status (Table 2). Among the HIV-1-uninfected participants, the patterns of association were very similar to those observed among all viremic subjects, except that the HCV RNA level was consistently lower for each characteristic examined. Among the 237 HIV-1-infected participants, differences by age, gender, find more and duration of drug use were blunted or absent, but differences between

African-American and white participants were preserved (P = 0.01). Among the participants with detectable virus, 1,669 had a specimen available for viral genotyping and 1,524 (91.3%) of those subjects were successfully genotyped (Table 3). Most participants were infected with an HCV-genotype 1 strain (1a, 69.0%; 1b, 10.0%), but 9.3% were infected with a genotype 2 strain, 10.6% with a genotype 3 strain, and 1.1% TSA HDAC with genotype 4a. Median HCV RNA level did not differ significantly between participants infected with 1a (6.50 log10 copies/mL) and those infected with 1b (6.63 log10 copies/mL; P = 0.11). In comparison to participants who were infected with genotype 1 (median HCV RNA, 6.50 log10 copies/mL), HCV RNA was lower in those infected with genotype

3 (6.34 log10 copies/mL; P = 0.0003) or 4 (6.12 log10 copies/mL; P = 0.03). We observed the lowest median HCV RNA level (5.64 log10 copies/mL) among participants who had detectable HCV RNA, but could not be genotyped. IL28B genotyping was performed for a subset of the participants with CHC (Table 4). Among 347 African-American participants, we observed no differences in viral levels by IL28B genotype. Among 391 European-American IDUs, those with the IL28-CC genotype had a higher median HCV RNA level (6.67 log10 copies/mL) than those with IL28-TT (6.12; P = 0.01); median HCV RNA level among European-American participants with

the IL28-CT genotype was 6.26 log10 copies/mL. Among 88 participants of 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Hispanic ethnicity, median HCV RNA levels for those with the IL28-CC (6.63 log10 copies/mL) and IL28-TT (6.19 log10 copies/mL) genotypes were similar to those observed in European-American participants, but this difference was not statistically significant among participants of Hispanic ethnicity, which is a much smaller group. Results from the multivariable ordinal logistic regression analysis (Table 5) confirmed the unadjusted findings. HCV RNA levels were higher for older participants, men, and those infected with HIV-1. Compared to African Americans, HCV RNA levels were lower in all other ancestry groups, although this difference did not approach statistical significance for the comparison with Latinos (P = 0.44). Regarding viral genotype, compared to those infected with genotype 1, participants infected with genotype 2 had higher HCV RNA (P = 0.01).

10) were included in multivariate regression models. To avoid the effect of colinearity, diabetes, IR, HOMA score, blood glucose levels, and insulin levels, as well as waist circumference, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, metabolic Wnt inhibitor syndrome, VAI score, aspartate

aminotransferase, and necroinflammatory activity were not included in the same multivariate model. Regression analyses were performed using Proc Logistic, Proc Reg, and a subroutine in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).26 The baseline features of the 236 patients are shown in Table 1. The majority of our patients were in the overweight to obese range, and nearly one-quarter of them were hypertensive. Diabetes was present in 11% of patients, and IR was present selleckchem in 42.8%. Mean values for total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were within the normal range. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in 14.9% of patients. One patient in five had a fibrosis grade ≥3 by Scheuer score, with a high

prevalence of moderate to severe necroinflammation (grade 2-3). Half of the cases had histological evidence of steatosis, though the grading was moderate to severe in only 40 cases (16.9%). The mean VAI score was 1.47. High ALT (P = 0.04), high insulin (P < 0.001), high HOMA score (P < 0.001), presence of arterial hypertension (P = 0.008), high log10 HCV RNA levels (P = 0.01), steatosis (P = 0.001), and severity of necroinflammatory activity (P = 0.04) were associated with higher VAI score in G1 CHC, though only higher HOMA score (P = 0.009), higher log10 HCV RNA levels (P = 0.01), necroinflammatory activity (P = 0.04), and steatosis (P = 0.04) were independent factors on multiple linear regression analysis (Table 2). Considering

the independent link between VAI score and log10 HCV RNA, we investigated the factors associated with log10 HCV RNA. Low BMI (P = 0.04), high triglycerides (P = 0.02), high VAI score (P = 0.01), and severity of necroinflammatory activity (P = 0.07) were associated with higher log10 HCV RNA in G1 CHC, though only a higher VAI score (P = 0.02) was an independent factor on multiple linear regression analysis (Supporting Information). Figure 1 shows the distribution MCE公司 of VAI scores in terms of log10 HCV RNA. The univariate and multivariate comparisons of variables between patients with and without moderate to severe steatosis (≥30%) are reported in Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following features were independently linked to moderate to severe steatosis (steatosis ≥30%): IR (OR 3.879, 95% CI 1.727-8.713, P = 0.001), higher VAI score (OR 1.472, 95% CI 1.051-2.062, P = 0.02), and fibrosis (OR 2.255, 95% CI 1.349-3.768, P = 0.002). Replacing in the model VAI with WC and triglycerides, the latter remained significantly associated with steatosis ≥30% (OR 1.008, 95% CI 1.000-1.016, P = 0.04) but not WC (OR 1.035, 95% CI 0.999-1.073, P = 0.06).

Through immunohistochemistry we detect the expression of FAK and phosphorylated

FAK (p-FAK) protein in tumor tissue and make double blind IHC score. By method of microRNA extraction and Real-time PCR we detect expression of miRNA-7 in tumor tissue and adjacent tumor tissue. Through the patient clinical data combined with the characteristic of expression of FAK , p-FAK protein and miRNA-7,we compare differential levels of expression of each index and analyse the correlation of different indexes with patient clinical data in tumor and adjacent groups by the statistical JQ1 mw software SPSS 18. Results: 1. The expression of FAK and p-FAK (Tyr397) is significantly higher than that of the adjacent tissue. Expression of FAK and p-FAK with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer was significantly higher than that

of without lymph node metastasis.2. The expression of miRNA-7 in colorectal cancer tissues is significantly lower than the adjacent tissue miRNA-7 expression, and there was significant difference between the two groups by statistical analysis.3. miRNA-7 expression of cancer tissues of patients with TNM stage III/IV is significantly lower than that INCB018424 order of patients with stage I / II, and expression of miRNA-7 with lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer is significantly lower than that of without lymph node metastasis. Expression level of FAK is negatively correlated with the expression of miRNA-7 level in colorectal cancer. Conclusion: Expression

of FAK and p-FAK is related with tumor growth and lymph node metastasis. High expression level of FAK i negatively correlated with the expression of miRNA-7 level in colorectal cancer, and miRNA-7 is closely related to colon cancer progression, metastasis by combining with the patient clinical date. In summary, the lower miRNA-7 expression level, the later colorectal cancer progression of patients, the poorer the prognosis. Key Word(s): 1. Colorectal cancer; 2. microRNA-7; 3. FAK; 4. Lymph metastasis; Presenting Author: XIAOHUA LI Additional Authors: YING ZHANG, YONGQUAN SHI, YONGZHAN NIE, QINGCHUAN ZHAO, JIE DING, KAICHUN WU, DAIMING FAN Corresponding Author: XIAOHUA MCE LI Affiliations: Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University; Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University,; Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University,; Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University,; Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, the Fourth Military Medical University, Objective: Peritoneal dissemination is the overwhelming cause of mortality in patients with gastric cancer. The absence of specific markers for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer has made the successful surgical treatment of human gastric cancer difficult.

1). Characteristic morphological patterns of liver necrosis and regeneration should exist in patients with acute-onset AIH, and a better understanding of these patterns would be helpful in making the diagnosis. Keiichi Fujiwara M.D.*, Shin Yasui M.D.*, Osamu Yokosuka M.D.*, * Department of Medicine and Clinical Oncology, Graduate School

of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. “
“Growth charts are the best method of monitoring adequate nutritional intake www.selleckchem.com/products/BKM-120.html in children. Height and weight should be plotted in all children at each hospital attendance, and during prolonged hospital stays. Serial measurements are important in determining growth patterns. Managing malnutrition is important as it affects duration of hospital stay and increases infection risk. In malnutrition there is relative sparing of the brain, therefore poor head growth in this context can indicate severe deficiency. Nutritional screening is a simple scoring system, performed by nurses on hospital admission and intermittently throughout hospital stay in some hospitals, including anthropometry, to alert clinical teams and dietitians to malnutrition risk. Those with complex nutritional disorders or intestinal failure

should be referred to and managed by the local multidisciplinary nutrition support team where available. Some members BAY 57-1293 of the team include: dietitian, nutrition nurse specialist, pharmacist, and psychologist. “
“An 80-year-old woman with no family history of cancer presented with abdominal pain and anemia. Colonoscopy revealed Campylobacter enterocolitis,

and a 12 mm flat elevated lesion with VI pit pattern was incidentally detected in the ascending colon (Figure 1A). Magnifying narrow band imaging (NBI) revealed type IIIA capillary pattern (Figure 1B). Based on these endoscopic findings, submucosal invasive carcinoma was suspected. Endoscopic mucosal resection, by which the lesion was completely removed, was performed for histological evaluation. medchemexpress Histological examination revealed a serrated lesion with irregular branching crypts and/or L-shaped crypts as well as tumor invasion into the submucosa (Figures 2, arrow A, arrows: B). The patient was discharged after resolution of the colitis. At two years of follow-up, the patient has had neither recurrence of colitis nor evidence of metastasis. Serrated polyps belong to a heterogeneous group of lesions that are generally characterized morphologically. This type of lesion is thought to be a precursor of sporadic carcinomas with microsatellite instability, and is probably also a precursor of CpG island-methylated microsatellite-stable carcinomas.

Burroughs M.B., Ch.B.†, * Multivisceral Transplant Unit Department of Surgical and Gastroenterological Sciences, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy, † The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre and Department of Surgery UCL and Royal Free Hospital London, UK. “
“1 Before starting surveillance “
“To the Editor: We read with interest selleck compound the article by Terrault et al.[1] in HEPATOLOGY entitled “Sexual Transmission of HCV Among Monogamous Heterosexual Couples: The HCV Partners Study.” The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive persons and their partners to estimate the risk for HCV infection among monogamous heterosexual couples.

Their findings based on 8,377 person-years of follow-up demonstrated that the maximum incidence rate of HCV transmission

by sex was 0.07% per year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01, 0.13) or ∼1 per 190,000 sexual contacts and that no specific sexual practices were related to HCV-positivity among couples. Large longitudinal studies of HCV-serodiscordant heterosexual couples have not yielded significant evidence of sexual transmission, so condom use for the prevention of HCV transmission has not been recommended for vaginal intercourse between monogamous HCV-serodiscordant sexual partners.[2, 3] We agree with part of their conclusions on counseling messages. Indeed, the estimated risk for HCV infection in sexual partners is extremely low. However, we and others demonstrated that anal sexual practice significantly increases the risk of HCV LDE225 cost transmission.[4] Relative to vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse is a major cause of abrasions of mucosa, leading to the possibility of anal transmission. The high incidence of acute HCV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is mainly due to unprotected anal intercourse and the transmission depends on disruption of a barrier and exposure to infected fluids, usually blood. Also, certain sexual practices involving trauma MCE公司 of the rectal mucosa have been discussed as relevant risk factors

among MSM.[6, 7] Coinfections with bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially ulcerative STIs such as syphilis or lymphogranuloma venereum, have also been proposed as risk factors for HCV transmission among HIV-positive MSM. Fisting was highly correlated with use of sex toys, group sex, and bleeding in a cross-sectional study from Urbanus et al.[8] Terrault et al. found no association with specific sexual practices. They reported that vaginal intercourse during menses and anal intercourse (≥1 occasion) were reported by 65.2% and 30.4% of couples, respectively. Condom use during vaginal intercourse was reported by 29.9% of couples and condom use decreased over time for vaginal and anal intercourse. However, the results on sexual practices were declarative and may have some bias.